Embraer

The Brazilian Company of Aeronautics SA (Embraer) is a manufacturer of aircraft from small and medium businesses, for use in regional aviation, executive and agriculture, and military fighters, aircraft and remote sensing to carry authorities. It is the third largest manufacturer of airplanes in the world, leaving behind Boeing and Airbus, and one of the largest exporting companies in Brazil, in terms of absolute value since 1999 and now also the manufacturer of executive jets with more applications in the pipeline. Its headquarters is located in the city of Sao Jose dos Campos, interior of São Paulo state and has several other units, including one in China, Harbin Embraer.
Embraer was born as an initiative of the Brazilian government within a strategic project to implement the aviation industry in the country, in a context of policies for replacement of imports. It was founded in the year 1969, and its first president was the engineer Ozires Silva, who had led the development of Bandeirante plane. Initially, most of its establishment plan formed by the Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA) of the Aerospace Technical Center (CTA). In a way, Embraer was born within the CTA. In 1980, there was a merger with Neiva Aeronautic Industry, which became its subsidiary company. During the 70s and 80s, Embraer won important national and international projection with the Bandeirante aircraft, Xingu and Brasilia. Currently the company is in the ascendancy, with many sales contracts, and expanding not only in physical space but also in number of employees, counting today around 20,000 employees, of which approximately twelve ten hundred are direct-eight thousand indirect
When starting a partnership with Italy in 1981, it was possible to draw up the hunt for air-land attack AMX, considered a major technological breakthrough for the development of new projects. In 1986, Ozires Silva leaves the chairmanship of the company to assume Petrobras. In 1988, has begun the development of a bilateral plane, which was designed and built by Embraer as both the military avionics Factory (AMF) of Argentina. The aircraft had the designation of CBA-123, CBA is the acronym for Cooperation Brazil-Argentina. In 1990 the first prototype flew, but because of costliness and political and economic crisis of the season, production was discontinued. An curious about the project, is that the engines were placed on the rear of the fuselage with the propellers facing backward. The end of the 80s was marked by a major financial crisis that shook the economies of Brazil and reached full in the Embraer, which almost went bust. In 1992, Ozires Silva was invited to return to the presidency of the company and lead the process of privatization. In 1994, at the time of President Itamar Franco, the company was auctioned and then go through a long restructuring process, and present new projects that make a giant of industry. Embraer, before being privatized, even among companies with greater market value and today is valued at U.S. $ 17 billion [1], and appear as the third largest manufacturer of jets in the world [2]. Today the company is one of the major blue chips traded on the Bovespa, and distributes dividends to minority shareholders and employees. [3] The new controllers equity have become the pension funds Previ and Sistel (20% each), the Cia Bozano, Simonsen (20%), and a group of investors with smaller shareholdings (20% of total), formed by Dassault, EADS, Thales and Snecma Group. Since privatization, the company was chaired by engineer Mauricio Botelho, who in 2007 was succeeded by Frederico Curado
Mauricio Botelho was responsible for restructuring the company, especially in the financial field. The launch of the project's ERJ-145 family, commercial jets with capacity of up to 50 passengers, was a success of the market, already hit the mark of 1,000 aircraft sold in 2006. The next step was new investments to create the line of EMBRAER 170/190 aircraft, a bet on the market for planes of 70 to 120 seats, originally classified as E-Jets.Estes are a success with 878 firm orders and 915 intentions of purchase . However, they were once associated with a new niche market, occupied by the major aerospace companies (Major) and low-cost and low-fare (low-cost, low-fare). In this segment, its biggest competitor today is the Canadian company Bombardier with models of up to 90 seats. She is not as well positioned in the market because its products are extended versions of the aircraft of 50 passengers, making them less spacious. In 2000, the company launched shares on stock exchanges in New York and Sao Paulo. Because of subsidies adopted by a Canadian company, the Brazilian government came with a request for repair in the World Trade Organization. The dispute lasted several years, and both sides were ordered to adopt new ways of financing accepted internationally for the sale, manufacture and development of their aircraft. In 2002, a joint venture with China Aviation Industry Corporation II (AVIC II) established the Harbin Embraer Aircraft Industry Co. Ltd. (HEAI), allowing the construction and sale of ERJ-145 aircraft for the market in China. In 2004, was created an association with the company's line of defense Lockheed Martin to supply aircraft for remote sensing based on the ERJ-145 aircraft for the Navy and the United States of America. However, this project was suspended due to the American army have canceled the program in January 2006. In 2005, a consortium led by Embraer was declared the winner in the privatization of OGMA - Aerospace Industry of Portugal S / A, defeating the Italian-American consortium composed of companies Alenia Aeronautica and Lockheed Martin [4]. In the same year, the company launched an offensive to expand its business market share of corporate aircraft, this only with the Legacy, which is the platform ERJ-135 jet. To this end, initiated an internal restructuring in that area, organized by its vice president for executive aviation Luis Carlos Affonso. In May, Embraer announced the design of the Embraer Light Jet and Very Light Jet. Along with models in real size, their official names were disclosed during the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) in Orlando, USA, in November, as Phenom 300 and Phenom 100, respectively. In January 2006, was announced by Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, the U.S. veto the sale of Super Tucano training aircraft to his country for alleged transfer of technology from North American origin, present in the avionics of aircraft. For the same reason, it was announced veto the sale to the Irã. In April 2008 it was announced the development of aircraft intermediaries between the Phenom 300 and Legacy 600, Embraer named Mid Light Jet and Embraer Mid Size Jet, who were baptized in Legacy 500 and Legacy 450, with entry into operation scheduled for 2012 and 2013, respectively. The Legacy 450 will reach 4260 kilometers (2,300 miles) and the Legacy 500 of 5,560 (3,000 nautical miles). The intention is that in a period of ten years, the executive jets represent 20% of total sales.
On January 20, 2006, Embraer announced a corporate restructuring plan, whereby the decision making power will be sprayed between all shareholders, because all holders of shares of the company in stock exchange of Sao Paulo will have the right to vote. Moreover, the scheme in which pension funds Previ and Sistel and Cia Bozano control 60% of the shares, since its privatization, will be undone. Mauricio Botelho will continue as president of the Board of Directors of the company until 2009. On February 14, 2007, the company sold its EADS stake to 2.12% of Embraer by 124 million euros

After the success of the Airbus A300 and the smaller sister Airbus A310 began in the'80s, a new model under the name SA1 and SA2 (SA stands for single aisle) to develop. This was in competition with the then world leaders in the so-called "volume class" of airlines, which are found in the market segment of approximately 100 to 200 passengers making airplanes. This volume class is due to their high volumes for both the aircraft manufacturers as well as for the major airlines division. In the 80s, this aircraft like the Boeing 727 and Boeing 737 and the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 filled. One of the fathers of the A320 family: Hartmut MehdornAnfangs these plans were mainly from the French side ahead because of DASA, the project was too risky and the government was still Lufthansa urged Airbus to develop the concept under the name TA11 famous Airbus A340. After lengthy negotiations, especially where the current chief of Deutsche Bahn, Hartmut Mehdorn, the development would prevail, fell on 4 June 1981 the unofficial decision to develop the A320 and therefore for sale ( "Authorization to Offer"). Two days later Air France ordered 25 aircraft of this type and signed 25 purchase options. To log off from the existing market, various strategies have been applied. Thus the basic A320 with a loading capacity of 20% over that of the Boeing 737-300 was developed. The operating cost should be around 50% lower than for the popular Boeing 727 and beyond, the comfort with a larger fuselage cross-section increased. Also submitted to the A320, for example, as regards the wings from the beginning for other versions with different lengths of trunk. The design phase lasted almost three years. The launch of the program under the leadership of the German Wolfgang Schneider was officially on 2 March 1984 announced. After an almost three years as the main development time of the rollout was held on 14 February 1987 in Toulouse instead. Princess Diana and Prince Charles baptized there the first plane. Already at this performance were more than 260 orders, as well as more than 150 purchase options for this type before. The first flight was originally on Saturday, 21 February, which was built on the following day because the full media presence for this first flight wanted to have this would be through rugby games on this day have been restricted. The approval followed a year later on 26 February 1988 .The first batch of specimens have been sent to the launch customer Air France and British Airways delivered. British Airways acquired with the purchase of the British Caledonian also affected by this airline Orders Ten A320. The service was scheduled on 18 April 1988 recorded. Because the first customers are the engines from CFM International had chosen, after the certification programs are members of the A320 family first with the CFM-56-turbofan engines allowed. The respective competition drives, in the case of A319 to A321 and the IAE V2500 in the case of the A318 Pratt & Whitney PW6000 followed more or less short time. At the beginning of 2007 was amended by an order of the 5000th Spirit Airlines Aircraft from the A320 family ordered . After various developments of individual variants, which differ only in passenger capacity differed, there Airbus formally beginning in July 2006 announced that a revised version of the A320 with the (provisional) Title Enhanced A320 was planned.

Airbus A320

As the Airbus A320 family, the four single-aisle aircraft variants of the aircraft manufacturer Airbus means. The A320 is the first variant of the basic model as a low-wing exported A320 family, which includes the two shorter A318 and A319, as well as a stretched version called the A321 belong. The names of individual models based on the length of the fuselage. The individual members are medium-haul aircraft for commercial passenger aviation. The first A320 delivery in 1988. It was the first civilian aircraft with purely digital fly-by-wire controls. Until today (date: 29 February 2008) were members of the 6,112 aircraft of the A320 family sold extradited and 3400, so it is one of the most successful civil aircraft programs.The final assembly of the A320 took place until February 2008 exclusively in Toulouse, since March 2008 is also due to great demand in Hamburg-Finkenwerder endmontiert. All other versions are so far exclusively in Hamburg Finkenwerder assembled. In China, the construction of an additional assembly line with a capacity of four aircraft per month prepared.The biggest competition for the Airbus A320 family represents Boeing 737-family dar.

Boeing 747

Boeing 747 and popularly known as Jumbo Jet is one of the most popular jet aircraft. Flew for the first time officially in 1970. It was more than 35 years the index in terms of size. However, the center is currently controlled by the Airbus 380. Noted that the plane Soviet-made Antonov 225, a cargo plane, is the world's biggest aircraft are in service. Boeing 747 can carry 524 passengers is demolished half of a floor! February 2006 until the present, including an aircraft in service in 1430, making it a lucrative aircraft company Boeing. Can Althaliv at high altitudes and speeds of up to 1041 kilometers per hour and a distance of 13,446 kilometers without the need for continuous re-Altabp fuel. It's enough for the flight from Hong Kong to New York without stopping. In 1989 a copy flew from London to Sydney non-stop flight which cut 18,000 kilometers and lasted 20 hours and 9 minutes. But that trip was not a passenger in the shipment.Boeing 400-747 has about six million items manufactured in 33 different countries. Engine and one of the 747-breathing engines more strongly of the four engines together in a Boeing 707. Although the second floor seem smaller than it compared to the first, it accommodates 86 passengers. Aviation aircraft can Aimada 3 engines only

Air Bus A380 Design

The aircraft will be sold for two types: a 380-8000 estimated to carry 555 passengers Balthelat degrees or 800 passengers, to the degree that only tourism will be a range of 8,000 nautical miles (14,000 kilometers), the second type is any 380-800 F cargo that can 150 tons of 5, 600 nautical miles (about 10,400 kilometers). Cockpit The cockpit is designed to be similar aircraft of other Airbus in order to reduce the duration of the training for this aircraft as well as reduce the costs of education and training as well be covered with glass cockpit and improved the best. Presented in the cabin of the plane some characteristics in LCD screens, which varies in width and length from 6 to 8 inches all the same, and possible amendment. Er a 380 biplane manufactured by the European Union representative company of aircraft maker Airbus, at the headquarters of the assembly in Toulouse. An A-380 with four engines Zaanvip and capable of carrying 555 passengers in three degrees or more than 840 passengers in one degree. Acquired this aircraft giant super jumbo named after the monopoly of Boeing 747 aircraft from Boeing Co. of America since the Boeing 747 aircraft to enter service in 1977 and lasted until the dominant airline plane WITH 380 flight test, followed by marketing and supply flights in the international aviation exhibition. An A-380 will be competing with rival Boeing Co. aircraft category of all categories in terms of absorption to a greater number of passengers and cargo and fly longer distances between continents to each other. Was due to enter service with the plane flying Singapore in the first quarter of 2006, but disruptions in the systems Altcelik in entertainment on the plane, forcing the plant to announce a delay in the delivery of the plane to Singapore Airlines, which may last for a period of six to seven months. Airbus won deals to buy 168 aircraft from several global airlines, including Singapore Air and Emirates, which is the biggest customers for the aircraft secured for the purchase of 45 confirmed aircraft and aviation Malaysian airline and aviation Australia.

The Airbus 380 aircraft designed to operate on four engines, which consists of two floors, the first round of Toulouse in France on April 27 of 2005, this aircraft will be used for commercial flights, which will begin in 2006 after 15 months Tests that will be accompanied by a lot of things to develop, called Ba before Airbus A3XX, as well as Super Jumbo, which has become synonymous with this type of aircraft. Airbus 380 plane is one of the largest passenger aircraft, so that it exceeded the size of Boeing 747 aircraft, which was the largest in 35 years, but still maintains an Antonov 225 the largest commercial airliner, the plane was declared in January 18 2005.

Inter-war period

During the First World War, the aircraft production has been greatly stimulated. After this war, the aircraft manufacturer had to struggle to survive, because not as many military aircraft were used. Especially in Europe, many of the former airplane manufacturer into bankruptcy if they have not succeeded in their production of civilian goods move. In the U.S. warplanes were virtually cutting prices to buy. Former pilots of fighter aircraft had a new job. Commercial civil aviation Junkers F 13 Ju 52/3m In both the U.S. and in Europe many new services and civil aviation companies, such as the Luft Hansa 1926. The most famous passenger planes this time were the Junkers F 13, the Junkers G 38, the Dornier-Wal, the Handley Page HP42 and the Junkers Ju 52/3m. Flight Post The air with planes that already during the First World War, has been significantly expanded and beyond national borders included. The first regular air link was established on 1 April 1918 between Vienna and Kiev recorded in July 1918 followed by the Vienna-Budapest. The air was advertising fashion, the so-called sky letter was from the 1922 British Major Jack Savage and presented in the U.S. by a growing advertising industry enthusiastically. Migrant review tingelten aviator in the U.S. with their aerobatic performances by fairground to fairground. The first aircraft were used as agricultural pesticides used on airplanes. The aerial photography was used for surveying purposes. "Flying aces" of the First World War, such as Ernst Udet presented as Stuntmen for the film industry after Hollywood's air battles. Long-haul flights Curtiss NC 4Die big challenge after the war were long-haul flights, especially the crossing of the Atlantic. This task cost some lives, until one of three in Newfoundland started flying Curtiss-boats of the U.S. Navy, the Curtiss NC-4, after 11 days on 27 May 1919 in Lisbon and landed Lieutenant-Commander Albert Cushing Read sparks could go home: "We are healing on the other side of the pond. The work is done. "The other members of the crew of the boat were flying Walter Hinton and Elmer F. Stone as a pilot, James L. Breese and Eugene P. Rhoads as flight engineers and Herbert C. Rodd as a radio operator. The machine had in the Azores between land and have had to be repaired. The flight took one boat after a visit to Britain by ship in the U.S.. The Vickers Vimy by Alcock and Brown after the crash landing at ClifdenIn the period from 14 to 15 June 1919 succeeding the British airmen Captain John Alcock and Lt. Arthur Whitten Brown, the first nonstop flight across the Atlantic. Their plane was a twin bomber type of modified Vickers Vimy IV, with an open cockpit. The pilots ran into thunderstorms, hail and snow. They were launched from Lester's Field, Newfoundland, she landed in a peat bog near Clifden in Connemara, Ireland. On landing the plane tipped to the nose and was damaged. John Alcock commented after landing witty: Yesterday I was in America, and I am the first one in Europe to say that. (Yesterday I was in America, and I'm the first person in Europe can say!) Charles Lindbergh succeeds between 20th and 21 May 1927 with his plane "Ryan NYP" Spirit of St. Louis, the first nonstop solo flight from New York to Paris across the Atlantic. He wins so that the awards since 1919 Orteig Prize. This alone brought overflights of U.S. aircraft industry and the U.S. airlines a significant upswing. A Guggenheim Lindberghs funded travel by all U.S. states throughout the country led to the construction of airfields. On 12 April 1928 succeeds in crossing the Atlantic from east (Baldonnel in Ireland) to West (Greenly Iceland - Newfoundland) by Hermann Köhl, James Fitzmaurice and Ehrenfried Guenther Freiherr von Hünefeld with a modified Junkers W 33 (Bremen). Flying boats From the end of the'20s begins the era of big flying boats, whose most famous representatives of the Dornier Do X and Boeing 314 were. The main field was wide Pacific and transatlantic flights. Catapult Aircraft With the advent of large passenger ships were increasingly catapult aircraft provided by a steam catapult been started. The planes were used mostly for quick transportation post, the most common types were the Heinkel He 60 and the Junkers Ju 46th As a pioneer in aircraft catapult applies Ernst Heinkel, already around 1920 a catapult aircraft on the Japanese battleship Nagato installed. Rotary wing aircraft A crucial physical limitation of fixed-wing aircraft is that at low speeds to the Tragflügeln to stall and the aircraft's crash. One such accident he constructed three large aircraft bombs brought the Spanish airplane designer Juan de la Cierva to the gyroplanes to develop. 1922 he developed the articulated rotor head: The rotor blades are on strike at the joints rotor head attached, as a result of which will boost the difference between forward and rewind blade balanced. From 1927 de la Cierva used to blow apart joints even swing swing joints and dampers and constructed as the still widely used mounting of the rotor blades on the rotor head for rotary wing aircraft. With his gyroplanes C 8 L crossed de la Cierva, 18 September 1928 the English Channel. Apart from the semi-leaf connection of Bell Engineers used the majority of rotary wing aircraft, the principle of the rotor blade of Port de la Cierva. Only modern composites for rotor blades were gelenklose leaf connections to the shock and pivot movements are now more flexible by deformations of the blade (for example, from 1970 to BO-105). Flight instruments The time between the World Wars was also the time when the main instruments for the flight were developed without sight. Already in 1914 the Americans had burst Lawrence Sperry with his French mechanic Emil Cachin kreiselstabilisierten a biplane at a demonstration flight in France. This gyro stabilization was the archetype of all autopilot. Extensive importance won the autopilot but only in the thirties. Elmer Ambrose Sperry, the father of Lawrence Sperry, had developed the artificial horizon (other sources mention Lawrence himself as the inventor of this device, father and son stood in the competition since 1918). The first instrument flight is James Harold Doolittle in 1929 attributed. He used in its Consolidated NY-2 a precise altimeter, Elmer Sperrys artificial horizon and a gyroscope compass. He was informed by a radiotelephone observer on the ground and was directed at a Funkleitstrahl from. All important instruments for the blind flight on the basis of the roundabout were thus introduced around 1930. Toward the end of the thirties was an automatic pneumatic or hydraulic steering exchange rate for larger airplanes usual. For the pilots of this progress is probably only with the introduction of "fly-by-wire control system in modern times to compare it meant for him to take on his own feeling on the technical tools to leave. Similarly critical was the introduction of these tools also included. The instruments allowed on the other hand, but also the expansion of aviation on conditions under which the visual flight never would have been possible, in terms of altitude and flying at night and bad weather. Radionavigation The radio based navigation was essentially still on the target of radio stations or radio beacons with an antenna. Although the first rotary radio beacons in 1908 by Telefunken under the name Telefunken compass transmitter had been developed (1907 was a simpler system of Scheller patented), had these systems were only for the air navigation importance. Funk Rotating appropriate fire were back in Cleve and Tondern (Tønder). Already in 1933, the ZZ-method, a ground-based blind landing procedure developed in the night-line service between Kaliningrad and Berlin successfully established. The ultra-short wave radio Landing Fire Company C. Lorenz A.-G. was already in the early thirties as night and bad weather landing system with a range up to about 30 kilometers, the analysis was first acoustically, and later by advertising tools. In the late thirties, these systems, however, for longer ranges developed by bombers in darkness goal to lead (Knickebein device). Helicopter In the early 30s to build Louis Breguet and Rene with the Dorand-Gyroplane Laboratoire probably only use the helicopter, the stable over time flew. He held all international records for helicopter until June 1937 the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 over the top position. Both models and prototypes were but remained unique. Series was built during the Second World War, the Flettner Fl 282 and the Sikorsky R-4, a successor to the Sikorsky VS-300. With the flying boat combination Short Mayo was from 1937 in England for transatlantic flights have been experimenting. The sense of the short-Mayo was combined with an easy-fueled flying boat, in this case a short-S. 21, a schwerbeladenes seaplane (a short-S. 20) at cruising altitude and to ensure there auszuklinken. This combination should be the relationship between performance, payload and optimize fuel. Altitude aircraft As early as 1937 the German Air Force began with the construction of altitude aircraft, they were equipped with pressure cabins and reached altitudes from 12,000 to 15,000 m. The most famous representatives were the Junkers Ef 61, later the Henschel Hs 130 and the Junkers Ju 388th They served as altitude or altitude reconnaissance bomber, but they were only a few units were built. The first passenger plane with a pressurized cabin allowed the Boeing B-307 to fly above the weather and so a significant increase comfort for passengers.

The First World War

The first fighter planes and bombers Otto Lilienthal showed itself in a tragic way as visionary as he 1894 in a letter to him from the estimated social ethicist Moritz von Egidy wrote: "The mutual isolation of countries, customs and forced traffic obstruction is only possible because we are not free as the Vogel also dominate the air empire ... . The borders of countries would lose their importance because they can no longer shut off, ...". About 20 years later, in the First World War, it became clear that aircraft can be used as weapons. First planes were used for observation. Encounters enemy observation planes brought the military to leave the airplane as a weapon to improve the fundamentals of the air war have been developed. Initially, the observer equipped with a machine gun. Later rifles were boarding the aircraft with actuator using an interrupter gear synchronized, so that the weapon by its own propeller circle on the enemy could shoot. So were useful fighter planes invented. The planes were from grenades, and later Flechettes special explosives and fire bombs, first on the enemy lines and later on enemy factories and cities dropped. Here already developed two warring parties under a doctrine, which until now caused much suffering (for example a quote of the War of the Allies at Versailles in Autumn 1918): "The best way is to bombard industrial centers, where you can: a) military and vital damage caused by the destruction of care centers for war and achieved b) the maximum effect on morale by destroying the most sensitive part of the population, namely the working class achieved. " During the First World War, an aircraft industry from the ground gestampft, the first airfields, which Funks technology of flight has been developed, aircraft engines were always powerful. Many of the aerial flight figures were applied later default figures of aerobatics as Immelmann or looping. Tethered observation platforms In Austria-Hungary developed by Stephan Petročzy, Theodore von Kármán and Wilhelm Zurovec shackled the observation platforms PKZ-1 and PKZ-2, these machines were guided by three ropes helicopter. The PKZ-2 flights attempt at reaching a flight altitude of 50 meters, but was never used manned. Hugo Junkers 1915 tried the first all-metal aircraft in the world, the Junkers J 1st 1919 Hugo Junkers built the first all-metal airliner in the world, the Junkers F 13, whose design principles for guiding aircraft following generations were. Invention of the parachute The German Käthe Paul developed the pack bag for the parachute. On 1 March 1912 jumped by the Americans Albert Berry is the first time from an airplane with a parachute from. The attempt succeeded. Thus stood for a reliable aircraft crews rescue device available. Otto Heinecke invented the parachute with forced release, a parachute, supported by a Aufziehleine been triggered. During the First World War was the skydiving as a rescue device for German aircraft crews widespread. The Allies supplied their aircraft crews, however, was not the case with umbrellas, to prevent corrupted planes were abandoned prematurely. The first aircraft carrier By 1916 HMS Campania was the first aircraft carrier, the first aircraft that were the Fairey Campania and the Sopwith Pup. The Short succeeded in 1915 as 184 torpedo bombers, the first sinking of a ship

From step to jump from the jump to flight

The first flying model helicopters 1784 to build the French Launoa and Bienvenue Model flying an early double-rotor helicopter. Sir George Cayley (see below) modified the model 1796. These are the first known, admittedly primitive flying model helicopters with opposite coaxial rotors. They were with a bow drill driven, a controller was not foreseen. 1842 expands the Englishman WH Phillips the first flying model helicopters, with tip drive. 1874 design Fritz and William Achenbach einrotorigen the first helicopter with tail rotor torque to compensate. There are not flying model. Ludwig Albrecht Berblinger, the "Tailor of Ulm" 1810 to 1811 designed Berblinger Ludwig Albrecht, the tailor of Ulm, his first flying gliders, but leads him to the public on the Danube under adverse conditions (currents) and plunges under the scorn of the people in the river. That his plane was flying, was established in 1986 demonstrated. George Cayley The English scientist Sir George Cayley (1773 to 1857) investigated and described as the first in fundamental ways, the problems of aerodynamic flight and is therefore also known as the "father of aeronautics" means. He broke from the wings and fly published from 1809 to 1810 a proposal for an aircraft with surface-time and a tunneling mechanism. " He describes the order as the first principle of modern fixed-wing aircraft. In the build in 1849 he manned Three Decker, the 1852 (or 1853) a short distance flights. Flight Otto Lilienthal, Berlin Lichterfelde on 29 June 1895Otto Lilienthal The flight pioneer Otto Lilienthal (1848 - 1896) has led since 1891 after successful Gleitflüge the principle of "heavier than air" and different from many predecessors is that he is not a single flight tried, but after extensive theoretical and practical preparatory significantly more than 1,000 times gesegelt is. The aerodynamic shape of its wing, he tried on his "runout apparatus" of the operation since a predecessor of modern wind tunnels was. Otto Lilienthal was also the first to recognize that buoyancy and jacking independently-looking. Gustav Weisskopf One of the first flights will be controlled engine of the German-American aviation pioneer Gustav Weisskopf in 1901 over a distance of a half miles've traveled. Unfortunately, there was only so no witnesses and photographic evidence. Karl Jatho Karl Jatho was a German aviation pioneer and the first humans, the evidence of a motorized flight successfully carried out. On 18 August 1903, four months before the first - controlled - Engine flight of the Wright brothers, led an uncontrolled engine flight in the near Hanover Heide Vahrenwalder through, "the four eyewitnesses confirmed notarially" was. Wright Flyer Wright brothers The outstanding performance of the Wright brothers was the first airplane to build it, with a successful, ongoing, controlled powered flight was possible, and this powered flight on 17 December 1903 also carried it. In addition, they have their flights scrupulously documented and within a short time in more flights, the suitability of their aircraft unequivocally proven. Of utmost importance is that Orville Wright already with the 1904 Wright Flyer a controlled full circle could fly. On the edge is worth noting that the Wright Flyer to the type referred to a "Canard" was, thus controlling the amount before the main structure was. Samuel Pierpont Langley, a secretary of the Smithsonian Institute tried a few weeks before the Wright-flight, his "Aerodrome" to fly to. Although his attempt failed, claimed the Smithsonian Institute for some time, the Aerodrome was the first "flugtaugliche machine." The Wright Flyer was sent to the Smithsonian Institute donated with the stipulation that the institute no earlier motorized flight should recognize. This requirement was formulated by the donors to the earlier presentation of the institute, with the Langley Aerodrome had the first successful powered flight carried to prohibit. This requirement has led repeatedly to Presumption that before the Wright Flyer successful attempts at powered flight gave their approval but in conjunction with the Foundation edition had been suppressed. Airship No. 14 with the plane fastened to 14-bisAlberto Santos-Dumont The first engine flying in Europe was probably the Brazilians living in Paris, Alberto Santos-Dumont. His first attempt to motorize an aircraft, was 18 with the affixing of a 1.75 hp engine payable to a gas, although this drive proved to be too weak. After he then from 1898 several airships successfully designed and flown had he turned to the construction of fixed-wing aircraft. On 12 November 1906 he flew with the 14 to the first public and official powered flight without catapult system and without wind. Alberto Santos-Dumont won the prize of 1,500 francs for the first powered flight in the world over 100 meters. His 14-up was based on the experience, with the box kite he had made, where the shape of its wings derived. His 1907-1909-built monoplane (5-meter wingspan) were forerunners of the light aircraft. In September of 1909, designed and flew Alberto Santos-Dumont the Demoiselle, the first lightweight sport aircraft in the world. He flew in the same month a record speed of 55.8 mph (18 km in 16 minutes, corresponding to approximately 67 kph). The flight model has been in the United States and Europe repeatedly copied. The first engine planes were mostly biplane. Experimental were also more than three wings on each other. Such a multi-wing design came from the Englishman Horatio Frederick Phillips. Fifty Decker with the "No. Horatio Phillips. 2 "succeeded him in the summer of 1907, the first powered flight in England. First Channel crossing Once on 16th October 1910, the first English Channel crossing with Adolphe Clements airship "Clément-Bayard" N ° 2 was successfully placed Europe in 1909 further practical milestones in the history of the aircraft. On 25 July 1909 Louis Blériot crossed with his monoplane Blériot XI as the first with an airplane the English Channel. His flight from Calais after Dover lasted 37 minutes at an average altitude of 100 meters. Blériot was thus by the British newspaper Daily Mail for the first Channel crossing awards prize money to take. With the Blériot XI was its designer "father of modern monoplane." The success of the machine made him the first commercial airplane manufacturer. Even by the Austrian aviation pioneer Igo Etrich in 1909 developed Etrich dove was one of the first in larger pieces built engine aircraft. She had to enter the First World War also important as military aircraft. Grande Semaine d'Aviation de la Champagne , 22 to 29 August 1909 was held with the "Grande Semaine d'Aviation de la Champagne" a flight at Reims, which brought several records: Henri Farman flew a distance of 180 kilometers in 3 hours. Blériot flew the highest speed flight over the 10-kilometer stretch of 76.95 km / h. Hubert Latham reached on a "Antoinette" by the aircraft designer Levasseur with 155 meters the highest altitude. The Aerodynamic Laboratory Goettingen At the end of 1907 was later Aerodynamic Laboratory Goettingen was launched. They dealt in its founding years with the development of the "best" blimp shape, its former head Ludwig Prandtl was, however, with the exploration of the scientific basis for the boundary layer theory and the theory of the world's wing to the "father of aerodynamics." The first helicopter Paul Cornu with his "flying bicycle" 1907 Louis Breguet built and Jaques Bréguet with the participation of Charles Richet the Quadrocopter "Bréguet-Richet No. 1". The helicopter lifted with a person about 1.5 meters from the ground. The flight characteristics, however, were so unstable that the machinery of four men at the Outrigger had to be secured. The first helicopter flight was a tethered flight. Paul Cornu developed the world's first manned free-flying helicopter, "flying bicycle" called. For the first flight on 13 November 1907 in Lisieux, Calvados, France, he reached a height of about 30 cm and 20 second flight. The first composite helicopter was the 1908 "Bréguet-Richet No. 2". He reached a cruising altitude of about 4.5 m and a flight distance of about 20 m. To truly usable helicopter designs were only in the 30s of the 20th Century, so the 1933-Gyroplane Laboratoire. In the meantime, design features were developed that still have meaning, such as tandem rotor, coaxial rotor arrangement or tail rotor to compensate for loss of torque. The first altitude breathing apparatus 1907 represents the Drägerwerk his first Konstantdosierhöhenatemgerät ago. These devices get on airplanes but only later, because at that time only balloonist to reach altitudes, where the altitude sickness, or hypoxia occurs. Sometime from 1909 to 1911, began gliding sport. In the year 1910 will be on the first flights with hang by engineering students reported. 1911 there were flights on the water glides dome. The Air Sports was born. Seaplanes On 28 March 1910 succeeding the French engineer Henri Fabre of the Hydravion Canard he constructed the first flight with a seaplane. Monocoque 1912 Louis Béchereau invents the monocoque construction for aircraft. The hulls of other aircraft consisted of a painted cloth covered with scaffolding. The monocoque Deperdussin Béchereau designed monocoque Rennflugzeug had a power line, but from Hull a wooden bowl without inner skeleton. New was also the "DEP" control, when the control stick for Nick movement wheel for the rolling motion sat, a principle which is still widely used. As the aircraft engine had a special airplane engine, the gnome-circulation motor. The monocoque monocoque Deperdussin were the fastest planes of their time. Ilya MuromezEin a major technical breakthrough succeeds shortly before the First World War, the Russian engineer and pilot Igor Sikorski, who later rather than manufacturers of air boats and designer of helicopters in the U.S. known. 1913 to 1914 proves it with the first designed by him "large aircraft", the twin Grand Baltiski, the four Le Grande and its successor, the four Ilya Muromez that such large planes to fly safely and stably, even if one or two engines off or fail. These aircraft were originally designed as a comfortable passenger aircraft designed and justify this era. Later, the Ilya Muromez also as a bomber

Renaissance

In the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci designed several aircraft, including the first "Helicopter". None of the models would be flugtauglich, but the creative approaches and in particular the engineering methodology had pioneered value, while da Vinci with his thoughts on aviation "far ahead of time" was. Until the end of the 19th Century da Vinci's designs were rediscovered, but had no breakthrough influence on the development of the first airplanes. It will, however, suspects that the Augsburg shoemaker Salomon Idler on Leonardo's plans had when he built his flying apparatus.

Medieval

In the Middle Ages was the ability of flying mostly with mystical beings associated. The idea of the human world saw ghosts, fairies, demons and angels fly through the air. Witches were in the call, with brooms fly to them, according to the popular belief that they needed a flight ointment, inter alia, children's corpses were processed (in reality, they contained a heady plant alkaloids such as Bilsenkraut and belladonna, the "flights" were hallucinations). These and other rumors sure that they are on the pyre were burned.

Antiquity

In the years 2258 to 2208 before Christ lived the Chinese Emperor Shun. He reported a legend that he had learned the art, like a bird to fly. In the fourth century BC, Chinese children playing with a toy, the first known model of a helicopter (rotary wing aircraft) can be viewed. The Chinese gyro consisted of a round rod, in the cruciform easily employed bird feathers were inserted. By rotating the round staff between the two palms produce the feathers finally enough buoyancy to the roundabout into the air to rise. Flying was often an attribute of gods and privilege views. Even where gods or transcendental beings with no wings below will include the ability to fly to their properties. In this religious tradition is certainly also the Ascension of Jesus to be seen. The Indian mythology familiar images of flying divine chariot (Vimana), such as those in the epic Ramayana are to be found. The monkey god Hanuman could also fly. For the Aztecs, it was Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent, which played an important role, and the Babylonians were lions, bulls and people with wings, dar. Turning around the time documented the Roman poet Publius Ovidius Naso in his work Metamorphoses, the Greek legend of Daidalos and Ikaros, with homemade wings with wax from bird feathers glued to escape from Crete to Sicily tried. According to legend was the technology actually work, that it does not quite work - Icarus crashed - was much more concerned that he is the sun and the gods too had approached and almost as a punishment for the sacrilege of the wax wings melted . Thus Icarus crashed into the sea and lost his life here.

Inspired by nature

The best pilots come from nature - but the nature and effectiveness of the movement of birds and insects is still technically unmatched. So it is not yet succeeded in humans, with a swing-wing aircraft (Ornithopter) into the air to rise. Similarly, the flight services such as a dragonfly in proportion to the size and weight has not been nearly achieved (see insect flight), although it is the first successful experiments with Ornithopterprinzip built after the small UAV (eg DelFly the Delft University of Technology). It was the bird flight and the aerodynamics of the wings model and motivation in the development of today's fixed-wing aircraft. Contrary to the rotorcraft: While turning the seeds of the maple tree as when a rotor gyroplanes without drive to the ground, but he was never as a model for helicopters. With new materials and processes such as CFD are also increasingly complex, elastic forms technically manageable, but that without the properties of natural materials for the foreseeable future would be reached.

aviation history

The history of aviation begins with the observation of nature and the dream of flying, and goes a long history of attempts and failures on the first flight pioneers and their technical achievements to today's commercial and military aviation.

Application

Nowadays, the aerodynamic design of aircraft and vehicles on the computer instead. Of great importance is the numerical flow simulation in which a computerized procedure with appropriate computing effort good approximations for real flow processes can be achieved. For many applications because of the enormous complexity of the phenomena occurring even today experimental measurements in wind tunnels to test carcasses or necessary in order to verify the interpretation or risks in the development ruled out.

Theoretical models

The largest model, the Navier-Stokes equations. It is a system of nonlinear partial differential equations 2nd Rules, which is a Newtonian fluid completely describe it. In particular, including turbulence and the hydrodynamic boundary layer included. A simpler model, the Euler equations, because of the friction neglected the boundary layer does not depict nor contain turbulence, which, for example, do not stall on this model can be simulated. That is much coarser grid suited to make sense to solve equations. For those parts of the flow, in which the boundary layer plays no significant role, the Euler equations very good. Finally, the potential equations are especially useful when quick rough predictions be made. With them is the entropy as a constant condition, which means that no strong shock waves may occur because of this the entropy is even unsteadily. Further simplification of constant density leads to the Laplace equation.

Special Areas

The aerodynamics is a sub-field of fluid dynamics (including fluid dynamics) and includes several specialty areas, focusing on different priorities specialize: Hydrofoil theory: a wing movements in the dense gas Aerospace Aerodynamics: This area deals with the aerodynamics during flight and reentry of spacecraft bodies Supersonic aerodynamics: missiles, which are faster than sound move (Mach 1 to Mach 3) Hypersonic aerodynamics: missiles, which are at very high speed in dense gases move (Mach 3 +) Boundary layer theory: It is the tightly fitting layer in close proximity to the body sees around

Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics is part of the Fluid Dynamics and describes the behavior of bodies in compressible fluids (eg air). The aerodynamics describes the forces that are there, for example, allow aircraft to fly or sail boats, with the help of the wind through the water to move. Many other areas of technology, such as the Civil Engineering or the vehicle must deal with the aerodynamics deal

The different organizations of air traffic

To provide these services, an organization (control tower, en route center ...) is established. There are several types. Depending on the type of traffic, different agencies provide air traffic control: The centers en route air navigation (ACC) are responsible for ensuring that the air traffic services for the benefit of aircraft cruise (excluding nearby aerodrome). For example, there are 5 regional control centers (also called en route centers) in France who share the provision of the service control throughout France. The centers approach control (APP) are responsible for ensuring that the air traffic services in the vicinity of an aerodrome, in a control area whose size is variable. Air traffic controllers are usually located in the cab of a control tower or radar room in a specially built.
. In the second terminal OuestLes centers aerodrome control (TWR for Tower or control tower) are responsible for ensuring that the air traffic services in a restricted area (about a dozen kilometers) around an aerodrome. Their main function is the management of the airstrip. The service is delivered from the cab of a control tower. These bodies were differentiated because the skills, rules and technical means are not the same. A control center in motion requires a radar, while the main tool in aerodrome control is the view. On approach, all aircraft want to go in the same place: the track was a phenomenon "funnel". En route, the aircraft have different origins and destinations, the problems are many scattered and random. These and other differences led to this classification. There are also other organizations that are called "control" by abuse of language, but do not control service, just information services and warning. These organizations are: FIS: Flight Information Service. It is co-located with a control center in road or an approach. They make the flight information services and warning in an area not controlled. AFIS: Aerodrome Flight Information Service (flight information service on aerodrome), which replaces the aerodrome control within a controlled aerodrome not providing information services and warning. The AFIS officer, contrary to an air traffic controller can not give any instructions to the pilots but it may suggest maneuvers. They are generally of former military controllers.

Air traffic control

Air traffic control is a set of services rendered by air traffic controllers to aircraft to assist in the safe, fast and efficient flight. The services are three, called "air navigation services, for the purposes of: prevent collisions between aircraft and ground vehicles or on the one hand, and midair collisions between aircraft on the other hand (formerly known as "collisions"). It is also to accelerate and direct air traffic; to provide advice and information necessary for safe and efficient performance of the flight: weather information, information on the status of ground facilities for navigation, traffic information (when the service will not be ensured in this area ); to provide a warning to prevent its appropriate when aircraft need the assistance of relief organizations and rescue and to lend to these bodies the necessary assistance.

FOUR TYPES OF AIR PLANES YOU CAN BUILD

Do you like the beautiful model airplanes that are sold in toy shops and at many sites online? Of course, you can simply go to a store or click on a site and buy what you want most dear. But beyond the fact that models ready for purchase cost is only that the money not as cold as you build yourself models. What kind of model that you can build yourself? Almost everyone. Here are some ideas: Paper airplanes. Building one that has not as a kid? Building paper airplane can be as simple as get a piece of paper and make some folds. But there are airplanes flying with a leading role and remote control or others who are just scale models of existing aircraft. Some enthusiasts even built helicopter that can fly paper. The main drawback of paper airplanes is that they get easily damaged - especially the ones really fly. Free flight of the aircraft. There is a category of aircraft model called "free flight" which means they fly with no attachment to the land, or even your hand. Most models are simple free flight - as well as the simple paper airplanes that we build the children (they are, in fact, free flight airplane models as well). Free flight helicopters are much more difficult than to build aircraft for obvious reasons, but there are people who build them - with self rotating propellers or "recovered" by an elastic mechanism. The free flight planes are very happy and fun. They are easy to lose what is its main drawback. RC Aircraft. Remote control planes are very cool toys, but we really need expertise in electronics and similar things. You will not save money by building such models alone - the ready RC airplanes and helicopters are much cheaper compared with efforts to build up. But if you can build an RC plane by their own hands, you really have something to be cause for pride. You can build airplanes RC much easier if you buy a kit or at least a package of remote control and engine. Static Scale Models. Sounds simple? Actually this is the heavy artillery of the aircraft modeling. Making scale models is difficult because you just have to keep the real scale of the model. This requires high precision and ability to work in very small sizes. The model aircraft can be made of mahogany wood, plastic or even clay. If you are scarified to make everything from scratch you can buy almost ready model, requiring only paint. This is a good way to start. Most supporters of the model of aviation sooner or later we want to build their own models, in addition to what they buy and collect. You may start to build yourself - nothing is too scary and fun.

SPEED DEVICES

The speed devices in the aviation uncorrected own speed, according to the uncorrected speed of the aircraft relative to the surrounding air mass ( IAS). The measurement is done by the IAS Staurohrs , Pitot tube. This provides the total pressure, resulting from the pressure of the current height (static pressure) and the dynamic pressure up. The display in the cockpit on the airspeed indicator, the difference between the total pressure and static pressure (the back pressure) on a scale speed. These uncorrected speed compared to the surrounding air is important for pilots, because it alone allows a direct inference on the current flight or the flight stability of an aircraft. In the early days of aviation has been slow aircraft tried to get the vane to measure the IAS (see anemometer). When an engine airplane is the own speed in the range of about 50 kt (90 km / h) at small propeller aircraft up to 350 kt (650km / h) for commercial aircraft. Limited, the IAS by the aircraft structure, regulations (for example, below 10,000 ft altitude only 250 kilotonnes) and no later than at cruise altitude by the Mach number - except of course überschallschnelle aircraft. Another limiting factor is the high state of buoyancy aids. Depending on how far the flaps are extended, threatening an aircraft below a certain IAS abzustürzen (currents demolition). When fully extended flaps but they can at a high IAS damaged. The self-speed of a glider can be between about 50 and 400 km / h (with some modern models only a short flight in the fall), that a balloon, however, is zero. It is only transported by the wind. Therefore, often in films shown at hair blowing balloon drivers nonsense

Actual speed over ground

The ground speed, GS around the wind corrected True air speed. It is the speed of an aircraft relative to the Earth's surface dar. Knowing the ground speed is important because it counterclaim or tailwind to a significant difference between the speed indicator in the cockpit and the actual speed may occur. To shorten the flight in a jet-stream due to the significantly higher ground speed the flying time considerably. Under special circumstances, a low ground speed combined with an excessive display in the cockpit to accidents like the crash of the Stardust on the Andes, or the Birgenair accident. You can speed over the ground by considering the Längskomponente of the wind through wind triangle on the basis of reports of aviation weather stations calculate today but also by modern on-board systems to measure (for example, inertial navigation system, Doppler) or navigation procedures such as GPS.

True airspeed

The true flight speed (Engl. true air speed, TAS), also adjusted equity speed, the actual speed of an aircraft relative to the surrounding medium. To calculate the true air speed is in the modern aviation in addition to flight speed equivalent density in the altitude. The true airspeed decreases in air density absinkender to the Berichtigten flight speed. For pilots of small aircraft first approximation appears in the following rule of thumb sufficiently precise

For example, at an altitude of 5000 ft at an IAS of 100 kt with 5 * 2%, ergo 10% higher speed, TAS to 110 kt. In high altitude, the 'TAS' preferably in Mach, relative to the speed of sound,. If exceeded Mach 1, is the supersonic aircraft in flight.

Equivalents flight speed

The flight speed equivalents corrected the display of the revised flight speed, taking into account the compressibility of air in the altitude.

Corrected flight speed

With the right equipment, the aircraft to the instrument error corrected flight speed (Engl. calibrated air speed, CAS) can be measured. This measurement takes into account instruments and installation error (Engl. static source error). The CAS is an important factor in the aerodynamics, as it is a measure of the aircraft forces.

Ailerons

The ailerons are located at the back edges of the wings. The pilot moving the control stick to the left (or expresses the linkte arrow button), the left aileron up and out, the right to the bottom. This is on the left wing reduced buoyancy, while the right lift higher. The plane rolls, according to the left (it can also hang the left wing, while the right shows in the amount). In flight, the plane started in this position, a left turn to fly. However, it creates the Rude beat out a so-called negative turning moment, because the wing, the downward's proposal, reduced air resistance generated than the other. For this reason, the plane turns in the opposite direction. To create a stable and widerstandsarmen curve to achieve flight, it must be negative by simultaneous rash moment of the page Ruders in the same direction as the ailerons are lifted. Conclusion: A beautiful, if possible widerstandsarme curve can only be achieved through the interaction of cross-and rudder can be achieved. (Often, the engine pulls the plane but so quickly in the right direction, so that the rudder, that unfortunately is difficult to operate in the first flight may be waived.) With the command line option - enable-auto-coordination is the rudder with the aileron connect what the control significantly easier. This allows the positive effects in both rowing very easily exploited.

rudder

The rudder is located on the tail of the airplane, but in general upward and allows turning the plane around the vertical axis, a movement of the nose to the left or right (driving on the ground). The rudder is controlled by pedals, keyboard with the keys 0 and Enter number block. The rudder is rarely used alone, since the air turns a roll of the airplane (a tilt of a wing) the stable and cheaper energy alternative. Only in extreme ground, e.g. Ausschweben in just before placing in the landing, when a roll is not possible, because a wing on the ground up what could be the direction control with the help of the page Ruders. If at higher speeds the rudder ausgelenkt, rotates the aircraft fuselage, flight direction will only be minimal. As a result, the plane ride the wind opposition his side, leading to large air resistance. A curve this first flight is not achieved. However, one of the side Ausschlagen Ruders, that the "kurvenäußere" wings moved a little faster and thus gets more lift, while the "kurveninnere" in the wind shadow of the fuselage, and less lift. As a result, there is a roll of the airplane in the direction of the controlled side Ruders, one speaks of a positive sliding roll-torque (= rudder-secondary).

Elevator

The elevator is located at the end of the aircraft, the aircraft tail. It is like the wings horizontally. A rash (Press on billets / ↑), the impetus behind increases, the nose slopes down. By taking (pulling on the stick / ↓), it is reduced, it slopes upward. Thus, a movement to the cross axis. However, we can not at the top of "fly by the strong nose-up" moves ", because it means that the aircraft increases, it loses energy and slows down. If you too steep to the top flight, the plane sometime too slow. The flow in the wings, which provides for the lift, is waning and the plane "sackt by ', ie it loses some altitude. Durchsacken this happens near the bottom, it can lead to a crash. If the control stick away from pressing flies the aircraft, contrary to the ground and is faster. The elevator is also controlled the speed. The other way is also that an aircraft with full increase, although the elevator has been neutral, so the nose toward the horizon. Turn the engine idling, the plane fall. In this case, even a little press, because otherwise the plane is too slow. A flight at a steady level with a constant speed can be calculated only by an adaptation of flight and drive by elevator and fluent regulation can be achieved. Since it may be that the elevator during a long long horizontal flight in a certain position must be kept, there are the so-called trim the elevator to stop that without the force pilots in this position.

flying basics

The trick is only slight controls. The bigger the rashes, the more difficult it is the plane from the situation in a normal situation.
An airplane is around three axes move freely in the sky. These are the longitudinal, transverse axis and the vertical axis. To select one of these axes to turn, controls (rowing) in various places in the appropriate aircraft. The rudder and their functions will be referred to in more detail.

ZEPHYR :

Zephyr-3, a propeller plane solarbetriebenes be in the coming months, the dizzying height of 40 km above the ground. The ambitious project to the UK industry, according to BBC Online the limits of aviation technology attractive. So far, only the Space Shuttle and experimental aircraft missiles this level. In the stratosphere should Zephyr-3 photos shoot a helium balloon. But Zephyr-3 from the manufacturing company QinetiQ, a commercial offshoot of the British Defence Ministry, will be more than a mere high-camera. QinetiQ will clean the propeller aircraft as a permanent "stations" in the sky. The Flying Wing flight should functions of satellites such as support of mobile telephony in remote areas, environmental monitoring and observation for environmental or natural disasters. Even military functions could unmanned aircraft. The biggest technical challenge is the night operation of the solar plane. The fact that the competition side of the pond as large aircraft in such works is not the British have remained hidden. The space agency NASA has a similar plane called Helios, which is already a height of 29 km reached. Only this seems to mark the definitive border of Helios to be. The British Zephyr with a wingspan of twelve metres and a total weight of slightly more than twelve kilograms because of its small size better for the greater heights. Increased carbon fiber wing and solar cells, a kilowatt power for the five engines, are the optimal conditions for the performance of Zephyr. One of the biggest technical problems has been bridging the temperature differences in these heights. By day heat up the wings by unprotected sun exposure extreme, with night temperatures falling to minus 50 degrees Celsius. A special lubricants had found that parts of the engine prior to protect these environmental influences. When starting up in nine kilometres altitude Zephyr itself is a passenger under the gondola of the balloon. Then the engines of a balloon pilots started and the plane will be reflected in the photo position before it rises in slow circles. If the final amount will Zephyr-3 with a speed of about 70 meters per second to fly. Within the coming months, Zephyr its maiden flight. It is clear that the British Airways Concorde to North America change its flight path, so Zephyr-3 free top flight.

Concorde

The BAC-Aerospatiale Concorde 101/102 (French "harmony, unity") was a supersonic transport plane for passenger traffic. The flight across the Atlantic between Paris and New York was approximately 3 to 3.5 hours, the altitude was 15 kilometres after the start and then rose gradually to 18 km. The Concorde was developed by the French and British aviation industry on the basis of a government agreement of 29 November 1962 jointly developed and reached a maximum of 2.23 Mach (2405 km / h). She was a parallel development of the Soviet Tupolev Tu-144. The cell was developed by Aerospatiale (now EADS) and the British Aircraft Corporation (now BAE Systems) developed and built the Olympus 593 engines from Rolls-Royce (Bristol Siddeley) and SNECMA. The Concorde was after 15 years of development time in 1976 in the regular service. It was often in the press as the "queen of the skies" [1]. Until the crash of a Concorde on 25 July 2000 were recorded in its 27 years of service no major accidents or problems.

Boost

The lift is used for fixed wing aircraft - and when the rotors Drehflüglers as a rotating wing, even when rotorcraft - one by the shape of the wing profile, as well as the angle between the anströmenden air and the wing level (more precisely, the profile tendon), the so-called angle (Engl. angle of attack). By raising the pitch at constant air speed increases boost the proportional, this applies to the specificity of supersonic flight. FlugzeugIm unbeschleunigten forces on the horizontal, climb or descent is the buoyancy force equal to the gravitational force (balance), the curve in flight or Abfangmanövern however, is the buoyancy force greater than the gravitational force. The fuselage can make a certain amount of lift. The Lifting Body (lifting body) aircraft is the aerodynamically shaped hull that the main part of the lift over.

The airframe

The airframe is made up of the wing, the fuselage work, the tail, the control unit and the chassis to land plane or floats in water aircraft. In Senkrechtstartern and gliders older types can instead of the chassis or the swimmers a runner landing gear available. Structural The structure consists in fixed wing aircraft wings, flaps and slats, rotary wing aircraft from one or more rotors. Empennage The tail is for fixed wing aircraft from the horizontal with the altitude rowing and related Trimmrudern, with the vertical rudder and the Trimmruder favour and the cross-rowing. For certain rotary wing aircraft may participate in the rotor blades are small rowing. Even a tail rotor, a Fenestron nozzle or a tax on the tail boom can be seen as pertaining to the tail. Moreover, the main task of Leitwerks the given flight and direction to stabilize and control to all three axes of the aircraft

Rotorcraft

When the wings are in the form of a horizontal rotor. The air flow over the rotor blades is derived from the combination of rotation of the rotor and the anströmenden air from self-motion and wind. Helicopter Helicopters have one or more driven (almost) horizontal rotors, the buoyancy and jacking. The scheme boosted by the collective rotor blade adjustment, the Lateralbewegung (Vorwärts-/Rückwärts- and Seitwärtsflug) by the rotor blade cyclical adjustment. For most helicopters turn in case of failure of the engine, the rotor blades by the wind, and generate enough lift to the aircraft safely to Notlanden. This principle is called autorotation. Gyroplanes When gyroplanes, also known as "Autogyro", provides a ride through the wind, not by an engine in car driven rotor rotation for the lift. The rotor is functionally replace the rigid wing of the Tragflügelflugzeugs. For the jacking, a train or engine thrust. Flugschrauber Flugschrauber produce the lift on one hand by an engine driven rotor and the thrust of jacking or Zugtriebwerke. The speed of a helicopter is not limited by lack of jacking of the rotor, but by the aerodynamics. Therefore, after some early drafts, pure Flugschrauber never realized, but it has always used wings, so you have to speak of Kombinationsflugschraubern.

Rotorcraft

When the wings are in the form of a horizontal rotor. The air flow over the rotor blades is derived from the combination of rotation of the rotor and the anströmenden air from self-motion and wind. Helicopter Helicopters have one or more driven (almost) horizontal rotors, the buoyancy and jacking. The scheme boosted by the collective rotor blade adjustment, the Lateralbewegung (Vorwärts-/Rückwärts- and Seitwärtsflug) by the rotor blade cyclical adjustment. For most helicopters turn in case of failure of the engine, the rotor blades by the wind, and generate enough lift to the aircraft safely to Notlanden. This principle is called autorotation. Gyroplanes When gyroplanes, also known as "Autogyro", provides a ride through the wind, not by an engine in car driven rotor rotation for the lift. The rotor is functionally replace the rigid wing of the Tragflügelflugzeugs. For the jacking, a train or engine thrust. Flugschrauber Flugschrauber produce the lift on one hand by an engine driven rotor and the thrust of jacking or Zugtriebwerke. The speed of a helicopter is not limited by lack of jacking of the rotor, but by the aerodynamics. Therefore, after some early drafts, pure Flugschrauber never realized, but it has always used wings, so you have to speak of Kombinationsflugschraubern.

Fixed wing aircraft

For fixed wing aircraft is the impetus - for the forward movement of the aircraft - through the air flow in the wings. It is formed on the wing by the predatory impulse of the wing a spinal approach over the wing caused a negative pressure and thus a top-facing buoyancy force. The wings must not be rigid, then some wings (variable angle), the flight speed to be adjusted such as the Tornado combat aircraft. In a broader sense to use the principle fixed wing aircraft with a fully flexible wings, as sliding and motor umbrellas, and with zerlegbaren wings as Hängegleitern. Many round canopy parachutes, especially Bremsfallschirme and case brakes (Engl. retarder instance) are not lenkbar and are therefore not one of the planes is expected. Ground effect vehicles compress air under a wing and are nothing more than low-flying fixed wing aircraft

Balance

It is possible that we have ever wondered why that fellow there puts a groin raft on the edge of the wing to wedge out, or why the same aircraft model once planned fall majestically and other stones as they cut the engine, Or why sometimes a model flies with its tail low, as descent and another with the fuselage perfectly horizontal or rising from its rear. All these behaviors are often due to the value of the angles QUEPOS aerodynamic elements of our aircraft. After addressing our advice we are confident that we will be able to improve a little our capacity design, or at least understand what happens and what corrective measures should be implemented. When an airplane flies into balance, or horizontal speed and uniform, all its forces are in balance. On the one hand, the strength of support must be equal to the weight of the aircraft over the remaining forces acting downwards, they are 'The possibility of a vertical downward thrust of the engine over a possible component of the elevator that can lift or subtracted join the lift as the wing position to occupy the centre of gravity of the model regarding the center wing pressures. Also, the horizontal component of force pushing the engine is balanced with the force of resistance to advancing all components of the airplane wing, fuselage, train, and so on. Role of Flight stable horizontal stabilizer of an aircraft could represent as a lever on a fixed point-the centre of gravity and subject-by one end with a spring-stabilizer relatively flexible. Somewhere put a weight-lift-variable that will determine the final position that will take our leverage. If the lift is applied just above the centre of gravity of the model, the horizontal lever remain inactive and the pier. If placed at the side of the cargo lift and not "far away" from the center of gravity, the lever will take a certain angle retained by the spring that is compressed or stretched a limited amount. If the lift is very far from the center of gravity, the pier should bear excessive deformation and "upset". It would be an extreme situation of loss of stability. When we act on the elevator what we are doing in our example is figured tighten or loosen the pier end of the lever thereby causing a change in the angle of stability that until then had our leverage. Having regard in this way would simplify the problem, we should just put the center of gravity low pressure center (where applicable lift in the Perfili to achieve a stable flight. However, there is a very peculiar nuance in the profiles commonly used in our models, because with the increase in the angle of attack, not only increases the value of the strength of support but the point of application moves to the leading edge, leading to a disturbance, must be our stabilizer Strongly enough to contain these changes-even before it can advance the instability when it is already practically irreversible stall. Effects engine .- If our model is capable of flying nearly horizontal flight plan without applying the minimum traction, we can assume that with a small increase in speed and is capable of flying horizontally or even rise (sustentaci6n is proportional to the square of the speed). The traction of, say as an example, a motorcycle sailboat initiation is very small and these sailboats rise very gently and with virtually no disruption in a plane should take off and land traction is much higher and can increase the speed long enough to provoke strong increases in the lift. These increases lift can be translated into a destabilization, remember the resemblance of the lever, and strong attack as they pressure the center is usually placed in front of the centre of gravity, this triggers, by increasing the angle of attack a shift forward from the centre of pressures which, in turn, increases the instability and the angle of attack, in a process of whiting that bites its tail leading in many cases to the typical hung takeoff, which tends to leave for lysed pilots not too tanned, too well or not helped. The solution to this situation is having chopped and cut heavily engine early in the hung. The way to ensure that the value of the lift does not increase with increasing speed that causes the traction engine, involves placing the axis of engine looking down at an angle. This causes the traction force has a vertical component that has the dual effect of the one part counteract the force of lift and on the other and more importantly, cause a certain tendency to lower the nose to decrease the angle of attack, And hence the value of sustentaci6n, further delaying the center of pressure, or totally offsetting the adverse effects caused by the engine when its axis is horizontal. What type of flight? - desirable in a model depends as always on the use for which it is intended, an acrobatic should fly at half horizontally and full power and planning at an angle to choice and taste of the pilot, but a coach, a model of sport or a model, even acrobatic should rise gently when the engine is maximum, and fly horizontally with the engine at medium power, but must plan its best performance with the engine idling. Getting this response from an airplane is not too complicated if they continue the steps in the following paragraphs. Flight planned. - A rule that is often forgotten is that an airplane must plan properly when its engine is stopped. The level of management that is achieved with radio today is such that we come to forget the most elementary principles of flight of an airplane, as a base to correct since radio is possible to do anything that flies. V I know as an active practitioner of the sport, there are number of "things" flying these fields. A reasonable height is reduced to a minimum and the engine can be seen if we tap the lever to achieve a depth of glide slope where soft trim and to achieve the same way trimaramos address or spoilers if the plan was not straight. Without touching the trim of the radio model to take the floor and observe if there desviaci6n perceptible helm of depth, applying the following corrections: verify that the center of gravity of the aircraft is between 25 and 33 per 100 of the rope wing By placing lead if necessary in the nose or tail to get it. After this operation will be repeated the test flight and if verification is positive and will have to make one of the following: If the rudder is under "sting" the incidence of the wing is excessive, you should get off the leading edge or raise the output by putting a match where it's convenient. If the helm this high "to rise", the incidence is low wing and must ride the leading edge or lowering output also Footwear, which allows the model. Of course, such solutions are tools' field 'later in the workshop, and once identified all corrections to make the model will require either retallar seat wing if the play is very obvious or fill if it is very small with some "filler" (stuffing) or commercial landlord to get the professional aspect that we like to show in our aircraft. Disturbances. - When the engine has been that the model plan perfectly without engine, we can ensure that everything that happens when we gases will be led by him. So if the model goes up very quickly should increase the chopped engine and whether or low rise very slowly lift the engine; latter happens rarely and only in little motorized models. As a result of these adjustments is possible that our engine look brazenly down but we do not worry, there are models that can take up to 15 6 20 degrees Grinding to behave perfectly. At the same time we have corrected the effects of chopped into the engine, we have seen whether to give gas to test the disturbance of the airplane engine we have been diverted to right or left, this means that the engine pulls the plane towards that side, so we should divert the opposite side. This is explained when we enter into considerations on the curious case of torque Torque. - 'torque' those who say they read publications in English. The torque is the effect of reaction that leads to action by the propeller, and you follow assiduously our magazine and has an engine as any of the tested only has to look at the torque curve of the value obtained by the regime hers, as an example if we assume your engine has quite a few mkg 60 x 10 to 12500 rpm If, moreover, his model has a wingspan of 1,600 mm the effect of torque is the equivalent of putting 75 grams (60/0.8) lead on the far left wing. Lead subliminal, because when it disappears short engine and appears to return to the model diverting gas meter on the left if the engine is zero degrees draught of diversion. The solution seems obvious, and it is right to divert the engine to ensure that the model is not diverted to implement gases. Motor zero .- It is not impossible that a plane fly perfectly with the engine to zero, but this is something much more rare than it seems, the engine option to zero comment we hear often surprising and what appears at many levels , Is not in our view a detail but despised by indolence in many designs. It is wiser-if we do not have the opportunity to perform measurements or evidence needed to use the option MOTOR two (two degrees to sting, two degrees to right) is more rigorous

Modern simulators

Today there are several categories of flight simulators used for training pilots. These categories range from simple training systems to flight simulators with 6 angles movements. There are also minor variations between these categories but provide the same essential skills. Contrary to popular belief, today's modern simulators are not as used to train pilots how to fly, to teach the pilot normal and emergency procedures in flight. Using simulators, pilots can practice situations that can not be carried safely in a real aircraft. These situations include landslides surface flight and complete loss of power. Today aircraft are based on complex computer systems and to be able to operate efficiently pilots must possess good technical level and piloting skills. Most government institutions such as the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) classify each category similar. These regulatory institutions are necessary to certify the characteristics of the devices. The U.S. commercial pilots can record hours of flight simulators required only in certified by the FAA. For a simulator is certified must demonstrate that its flight characteristics match those of the aircraft being simulated. The requirements to test are detailed in the guides called Guides Test Approved (ATG) or Guides Test Rating (QTG). The coaches of the system are used to teach pilots to operate properly as various aircraft systems. Usually they are not used to teach flying for training or emergency procedures. Once the pilots were familiar with operational systems is the transition to the coaches procedures cabin or CPT. these systems are fixed exact copies of an aircraft and are used to train flight crews in normal and emergency procedures. These replicate the atmospheric environment in which the aircraft fly, simulating wind, temperature and turbulence. CPTs also simulate the variety of sounds caused by aircraft such as engines, landing gear and other sounds. Some are equipped with visual systems. Despite all these are not equipped with systems that simulate the movements of the aircraft. A full motion simulator (full-motion simulator) or full-flight simulator, doubling every aspect of an aircraft and its surroundings, including the basic movements of the aircraft. Such simulators can generate momentary shaking so that its occupants in the simulator must abrocharse seat belts as would in a real aircraft. Since the movement of any simulator is much more restrictive than the actual movements of an aircraft, the system of movements not Calc movements and attitude of the aircraft. Instead performs calls signals movement which deceives the sensations of the pilot and makes you believe you're flying. To do this properly, knowledge of the sense organs of human beings, particularly of the vestibular system is used extensively. This makes the simulation flight in an area of knowledge-intensive. The flight simulators are widely used in aerospace research in various areas, particularly in flight dynamics and human-machine interaction. Both simulators as standard built specifically for research are used for this purpose. The range goes from the range simpler, like video games, up specific designs and extremely expensive as LAMARS, installed at the base Wright-Patterson Air Force. Ohio, which allows 5 angles of movement and a visual system with more than 180 degree field of view in all directions. Many simulators are also equipped with features that are used by instructors. These are known as Opera Instructor Stations (IOS). In the IOS, an instructor can quickly create any normal or abnormal situation in the simulated aircraft in its external environment or simulated. This can range from fire in the engine malfunction in the landing gear, electrical faults, storms, lightning, risks of collisions with other aircraft, runways slippery flaws in navigation systems up countless other problems with which the crew should familiarize themselves know how to act. Many recent simulators allow the instructor to control the system from the cabin or from a console beside the copilot's seat or simply adjust certain instruments, in particular (for example by introducing a special transponder code) program allowing certain scenarios using the interface cabin. This allows the training of a single pilot on an aircraft that requires a crew of two persons, allowing the instructor as the second act. In the past, full motion flight simulators were movements with hydraulic units costing several million dollars used in large training centers such as Flight Safety International. Current developments in movements using electrical devices have enabled simulated movements are used economically in small aircraft simulators, including aircraft mono motor piston at training centers such as Flight Level Aviation. The flight simulators are an essential element in each pilot individually and in the training of flight crew. Save time, money and save lives

History of flight simulator :

Because the flights are real dangerous for pilots without prior training, since the earliest days of aviation, various schemes were used so that pilots could feel the sensation of flying without being actually airborne. For example, "Sander Teacher" was a complete airplane mounted on a universal joint that was oriented with the wind able to rotate and tilt freely. Another flight simulator of the early days was developed in 1910 from a barrel mounted on a frame. A good number of electromechanical devices were tested during the First World War and beyond. The best known is the "Link Trainer", which in 1930 only simulated mechanical movements, although he was subsequently included control instruments (plane) and was used by some countries during World War II and beyond. The "Celestial Navigation Trainer" 1941 was an enormous structure of 13.7 meters capable of accommodating in its interior a crew of a bomber whole to learn how to fly mission’s night. In 1940 analog computers were used to solve the equations of flight, giving rise to the first computer simulation. In 1948, Curtiss -Wright developed a simulator for the Pan American Stratocruiser, the first full flight simulator used by an airline. Although there was no movement or simulated external view, the entire cabin and their instruments were functioning so that the crew found it very effective. Since then the movement arrived and systems were installed in the late 50. The earliest systems "full motion" used to simulate the ground using a model of ground and making raise a camera with him on the same position in which it is assumed that the aircraft should be. The resulting images were projected on a television. Of course the simulated area was very small and is usually confined to the vicinity of the airport. A similar system using the military to simulate bombing. The use of digital computers to simulate flight started in the 60's. In 1954 General Precision Inc... Subsequently part of Singer Corporation, developed a motion simulator with a cabin which contained within a metal frame. This simulator provides 3 degrees of pitching, balancing and warping, but in 1964 and improved versions appeared more compact that increased to 10 degrees. In 1969 airline simulators were developed with hydraulic actuators controlling each axis of movement. The simulators began to be built with six axes of movement (pitching, balancing and warping to the angular movements and movements horizontal, vertical and lateral). Since 1977, simulators airline began to adopt the new booths where computers were installed in the interior thereof. From this moment the greatest advances were made in display technologies. In 1972 Singer developed a lens polychrome using a mirror ball that projected views from outside the cabin. This substantially improved the sensation of flight. However only offered a field of view of 28 degrees. In 1976 introduced the pictures focused. Towards the 80 images projected high definition became the standard simulators airline

Flight simulator

A flight simulator is a system that tries to replicate or simulate the experience of flying an aircraft as accurately and realistically as possible. Different types of flight simulators ranging from video games up booths in size replicas of real-mounted hydraulic actuators (or electromechanical), controlled by modern computerized systems. The flight simulators are widely used for training pilots in the aviation industry, training of military pilots, simulating disasters or failures in flight and development of aircraft.

designing and bulding

Designing and building an airplane Small aircraft, to one or at most two passengers, can be built at home, for airmen who have much expertise in the field of physics and aerodynamics. Other aviators with less knowledge make their planes using kits, small aircraft, with prefabricated parts, and mounting the aircraft at home. Aircraft produced in this way, however, are a minority. Because of its delicacy, planes that are built by construction companies for aircraft with the aim of the market in quantity to other customers must go through a thorough and lengthy process of planning, for security reasons imposed by the body of aviation or transportation of the country the construction company. This can last up to four years in small turbo-propellers, to 12 years in aircraft with the size of the A380. The Federal Aviation Administration, for example, requires that the wing attached to fuselage will generate six times more strength to sustain in relation to its weight (force exerted by the force of gravity on the aircraft). In the process, set up first goals of the aircraft. Once complete, the construction company uses a large number of drawings and models, all calculated in theory, estimating the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are now widely used by construction companies of aircraft as a means of design and planning of the plane. Small prototypes, or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels, to verify the aerodynamics of the aircraft. When the plane was adopted in this process, build up a limited number of these aircraft, for its testing as a whole in the ground. Special attention is given to the engines (or turbines) and the wings. Once approved, the above procedure, the construction company is authorized by a competent organ of the general aviation and transport to make a first flight. When the behavior of the aircraft does not present suspicions of failures, the flight-test continue until the plane has completed all necessary requirements. Then, the public agency responsible for aviation and transport of the country allows the company to mass production of the aircraft. In the United States, this body is the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the European Union, the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA). These two companies are the regulations of aircraft, the world's most important. In Canada, the public agency responsible for regulatory and permit the mass production of aircraft is the Department of Transportation of Canada. In the case of international trade in aircraft, a public agency licence of the aviation and transport of the country where the aircraft is being marketed is also necessary. For example, aircraft of Airbus must be certified by the FAA to be sold in the United States and vice versa, Boeing's aircraft must be approved by the JAA to be marketed in the European Union. [edit] industrialized Production They are relatively few companies that produce aircraft on a large scale. However, the production of an aircraft by a given company is a process involving other dozens or perhaps hundreds, of other companies and factories, which produce certain shares of the aircraft. For example, a company may be responsible for the production of the undercarriage, while another is responsible for radar. The production of such pieces is not limited to a few cities in a given country, in case of large companies, manufaturação of aircraft, such parts can come from various parts of the world. Once built, the parts are sent to the factory's main airline, which is located on the production line. Different parts added up to each other at the end, producing the aircraft. In the case of large aircraft, there may be production lines dedicated especially to the assembly of large parts of the aircraft, such as wings and fuselage. When ready, a plane passes through a rigorous inspection, in search of flaws and defects, and being approved this inspection, the plane is tested by a pilot in a flight-test, to ensure that the controls of the aircraft are in order . With this final test, the plane is ready to receive the "finishing touches" (internal configuration, painting, etc.) and ready to be sent to their customers.

History

Aircraft engines mono, bi - turbo engines and propellers The Cessna 172, a single plane. A Fokker 70 of KLM in operation aterrisagem. Note the rear of the turbine, which reverses the direction of propulsion. Thus, the turbine pushes the plane back, with the aim of thrpugh the. Os aircraft mono motores, double motores and turbo-propellers are using an engine that is turning the propeller, creating the buoyancy needed to move the aircraft forward. In particular, turbo-propellers are the engines reaction (jet) to drive a helix .Sao relatively quiet, but have speed, load capacity and lower power than a similar jet. But are much cheaper and economical than the jet aircraft, making them the best option for people wishing to own a plane or to own small companies passenger and / or office. The jet aircraft Jet aircraft to make use of turbines for the creation of the force required for the handling of the aircraft forward. Jet aircraft to have much more strength and create a momentum much larger than aircraft that make use of turbo-propellers. As a result, can carry much more weight and have more speed than turbo-propellers. One however is the large amount of sound created by the turbine that makes jet aircraft to a source of noise pollution. Great wide bodies (“many bodies") as the Airbus A340 and Boeing 777 can carry hundreds of passengers and several tones of cargo and can pecorrer a distance of up to 16 thousand kilometers - slightly more than one quarter of the circumference land. Planes have a jet of high-speed cruise (700 to 900 km / h) and speeds of takeoff and landing (150 to 250 km / h). In a transaction aterrisagem, due to high speed, the plane to jet makes wide use of flaps to allow a rapprochement with lower speed (because they increase the surface of the wings and thus support), and the reverse (the turbine generates a stream air forward, not backward) in order to reduce the speed of the aircraft after touching the ground. They have a device called the turbine reverse. Or reverse the aid in the braking and landing (if any), the procedure of abortion takeoff (RTO). Aircraft supersonics Two F-22 of Lockheed Martin, on. Planes supersonic, as the Concorde and military fighters, make use of special turbines, which generate power necessary for a flight faster than the speed of sound. Furthermore, the design of the plane supersonic has certain differences with the design of subsonic aircraft, all in order to overcome the easiest way possible friction on the apparatus with air. In fighters, the area of the wings are reduced, intended to lower friction with the air (which can reach speeds extreme), requiring a very high speed to compensate for this feature. The speed of the takeoff of certain fighters get to 300km / h, others need more speed. Hence, vai will never hear that the game made a forced landing because in the absence of these high-speed aircraft planam not, fall quickly, as a Jaca. On aircraft carriers, use is a kind of catapult linear, moved to the pressure of the steam engine itself from the vessel. The catapult is below the runway, showing only a hook on the floor of the track, which fits in front undercarriage of the aircraft-making and drives to achieve the speed needed for takeoff on a short runway. At first glance, the visible part of that system is similar to the trail. At the landing speed is also high. Then the hunting down a stick with a hook at the tip (located on the back of the plane), which relates to the steel cables held on the track, helping to stop quickly. The flight at supersonic speed creates more noise than the flight at subsonic speeds. This limits the supersonic flights to areas of low or no population density. When passing an area of greatest population density, the supersonic aircraft are required to fly in speed subsonic. Some aircraft are capable of flying at speeds hypersonic, generally, speeds that exceed five times the speed of sound.

kinds of air crafts

Aircraft engines mono, bi-turbo engines and propellers A Cessna 172, a single plane. A Fokker 70 of KLM in operation aterrisagem. Note the rear of the turbine, which reverses the direction of propulsion. Thus, the turbine pushes the plane back, with the aim of para-lo.Os aircraft monomotores, bimotores and turbo-propellers are using an engine that is turning a propeller, creating the buoyancy needed to move the aircraft forward . In particular, turbo-propellers are the engines reaction (jet) to drive a hélice.São relatively quiet, but have speed, load capacity and lower power than a similar jet. But are much cheaper and economical than the jet aircraft, making them the best option for people wishing to own a plane or to own small companies passenger and / or cargo. [editing] the jet aircraft Jet aircraft to make use of turbines for the creation of the force required for the handling of the aircraft forward. Jet aircraft to have much more strength and create a momentum much larger than aircraft that make use of turbo-propellers. As a result, can carry much more weight and have more speed than turbo-propellers. One however is the large amount of sound created by a turbine, that makes jet aircraft to a source of noise pollution. Great widebodies ( "many bodies") as the Airbus A340 and Boeing 777, can carry hundreds of passengers and several tonnes of cargo and can pecorrer a distance of up to 16 thousand kilometers - slightly more than one quarter of the circumference land. Planes have a jet of high-speed cruise (700 to 900 km / h) and speeds of takeoff and landing (150 to 250 km / h). In a transaction aterrisagem, due to high speed, the plane to jet makes wide use of flaps to allow a rapprochement with lower speed (because they increase the surface of the wings and thus support), and the reverse (the turbine generates a stream air forward, not backward) in order to reduce the speed of the aircraft after touching the ground. They have a device called the turbine reverso.O reverse the aid in the braking and landing (if any), the procedure of abortion takeoff (RTO). [edit] Aircraft supersônicos Two F-22 of Lockheed Martin, on vôo.Aviões supersonic, as the Concorde and military fighters, make use of special turbines, which generate power necessary for a flight faster than the speed of sound. Furthermore, the design of the plane supersónico has certain differences with the design of subsonic aircraft, all in order to overcome the easiest way possible friction on the apparatus with air. In fighters, the area of the wings are reduced, intended to lower friction with the air (which can reach speeds extreme), requiring a very high speed to compensate for this feature. The speed of the takeoff of certain fighters get to 300km / h, others need more speed. Hence, vai will never hear that a game made a forced landing because in the absence of these high-speed aircraft planam not, fall quickly, as a Jaca. On aircraft carriers, use is a kind of catapult linear, moved to the pressure of the steam engine itself from the vessel. The catapult is below the runway, showing only a hook on the floor of the track, which fits in front undercarriage of the aircraft-making and drives to achieve the speed needed for takeoff on a short runway. At first glance, the visible part of that system is similar to a trail. At the landing speed is also high. Then the hunting down a stick with a hook at the tip (located on the back of the plane), which relates to the steel cables held on the track, helping to stop quickly. The flight at supersonic speed creates more noise than the flight at subsonic speeds. This limits the supersonic flights to areas of low or no population density. When passing an area of greatest population density, the supersonic aircraft are required to fly in speed subsónica. Some aircraft are capable of flying at speeds hipersónicas, generally, speeds that exceed five times the speed of sound.

support

Support Boeing 747 of Air New Zealand International Airport taking off from Christchurch, New Zealand. Airbus A319 of TAP Portugal Air Force One flying over the mountain RushmoreUm handle plane flight because of aerodynamic reactions that occur when air passes at high speed by the wing. When this happens, he is forced to pass underneath and on top of this the same time. The length of the wing is greater at the top thanks to a curve, and because of this, the air pressure in speed does not have enough to return to the profile of this curvature, creating a zone of low pressure in the upper back of the wing. In the pressure at the bottom much greater, because of that face does not have a curved profile, but closer to a straight, the kite is worth the difference in impact of gaseous air (more on the bottom, lower above) to gain support . Some explanations rely on a misinterpretation from the Bernoulli principle, saying that the flow of air at the top of a kite is faster than at the bottom. The truth is that both flows have virtually equal speeds, but with different directions. Tests show that exhaustively repeated a molecule of air that flows at the bottom of the wing travels much faster than the same molecule at the top, because obviously logical to move in a more direct path and not curve, as in upper surface . While much present in almost all explanations on aerodynamics, the theory of air faster above the wing is an explanation wrong and illogical, because there is no energy source to accelerate the air over a wing. This is only a matter of wing profile and aerodynamics. It is clear that the effect of the impact of air molecules in a more drastic at the bottom of the wing that allows a free and in their normal conditions, always tends to rise, never to fall. The planes need a high speed so that the difference between the air pressure under and on the wing is sufficient to support the aircraft. Because of these high speeds, a plane must go a certain distance from ground before reaching the speed enough for takeoff, which justifies the need for a runway on land and plan for long reach. For larger and heavier aircraft, the greater will be the length of the track and speed needed for takeoff because of the greater effort needed. The track also serves the opposite purpose: it allows the aircraft touch the ground at high speed and have room for frenar safely, smoothly moving between air vehicle to land again