History of flight simulator :

Because the flights are real dangerous for pilots without prior training, since the earliest days of aviation, various schemes were used so that pilots could feel the sensation of flying without being actually airborne. For example, "Sander Teacher" was a complete airplane mounted on a universal joint that was oriented with the wind able to rotate and tilt freely. Another flight simulator of the early days was developed in 1910 from a barrel mounted on a frame. A good number of electromechanical devices were tested during the First World War and beyond. The best known is the "Link Trainer", which in 1930 only simulated mechanical movements, although he was subsequently included control instruments (plane) and was used by some countries during World War II and beyond. The "Celestial Navigation Trainer" 1941 was an enormous structure of 13.7 meters capable of accommodating in its interior a crew of a bomber whole to learn how to fly mission’s night. In 1940 analog computers were used to solve the equations of flight, giving rise to the first computer simulation. In 1948, Curtiss -Wright developed a simulator for the Pan American Stratocruiser, the first full flight simulator used by an airline. Although there was no movement or simulated external view, the entire cabin and their instruments were functioning so that the crew found it very effective. Since then the movement arrived and systems were installed in the late 50. The earliest systems "full motion" used to simulate the ground using a model of ground and making raise a camera with him on the same position in which it is assumed that the aircraft should be. The resulting images were projected on a television. Of course the simulated area was very small and is usually confined to the vicinity of the airport. A similar system using the military to simulate bombing. The use of digital computers to simulate flight started in the 60's. In 1954 General Precision Inc... Subsequently part of Singer Corporation, developed a motion simulator with a cabin which contained within a metal frame. This simulator provides 3 degrees of pitching, balancing and warping, but in 1964 and improved versions appeared more compact that increased to 10 degrees. In 1969 airline simulators were developed with hydraulic actuators controlling each axis of movement. The simulators began to be built with six axes of movement (pitching, balancing and warping to the angular movements and movements horizontal, vertical and lateral). Since 1977, simulators airline began to adopt the new booths where computers were installed in the interior thereof. From this moment the greatest advances were made in display technologies. In 1972 Singer developed a lens polychrome using a mirror ball that projected views from outside the cabin. This substantially improved the sensation of flight. However only offered a field of view of 28 degrees. In 1976 introduced the pictures focused. Towards the 80 images projected high definition became the standard simulators airline

Flight simulator

A flight simulator is a system that tries to replicate or simulate the experience of flying an aircraft as accurately and realistically as possible. Different types of flight simulators ranging from video games up booths in size replicas of real-mounted hydraulic actuators (or electromechanical), controlled by modern computerized systems. The flight simulators are widely used for training pilots in the aviation industry, training of military pilots, simulating disasters or failures in flight and development of aircraft.

designing and bulding

Designing and building an airplane Small aircraft, to one or at most two passengers, can be built at home, for airmen who have much expertise in the field of physics and aerodynamics. Other aviators with less knowledge make their planes using kits, small aircraft, with prefabricated parts, and mounting the aircraft at home. Aircraft produced in this way, however, are a minority. Because of its delicacy, planes that are built by construction companies for aircraft with the aim of the market in quantity to other customers must go through a thorough and lengthy process of planning, for security reasons imposed by the body of aviation or transportation of the country the construction company. This can last up to four years in small turbo-propellers, to 12 years in aircraft with the size of the A380. The Federal Aviation Administration, for example, requires that the wing attached to fuselage will generate six times more strength to sustain in relation to its weight (force exerted by the force of gravity on the aircraft). In the process, set up first goals of the aircraft. Once complete, the construction company uses a large number of drawings and models, all calculated in theory, estimating the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are now widely used by construction companies of aircraft as a means of design and planning of the plane. Small prototypes, or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels, to verify the aerodynamics of the aircraft. When the plane was adopted in this process, build up a limited number of these aircraft, for its testing as a whole in the ground. Special attention is given to the engines (or turbines) and the wings. Once approved, the above procedure, the construction company is authorized by a competent organ of the general aviation and transport to make a first flight. When the behavior of the aircraft does not present suspicions of failures, the flight-test continue until the plane has completed all necessary requirements. Then, the public agency responsible for aviation and transport of the country allows the company to mass production of the aircraft. In the United States, this body is the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the European Union, the Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA). These two companies are the regulations of aircraft, the world's most important. In Canada, the public agency responsible for regulatory and permit the mass production of aircraft is the Department of Transportation of Canada. In the case of international trade in aircraft, a public agency licence of the aviation and transport of the country where the aircraft is being marketed is also necessary. For example, aircraft of Airbus must be certified by the FAA to be sold in the United States and vice versa, Boeing's aircraft must be approved by the JAA to be marketed in the European Union. [edit] industrialized Production They are relatively few companies that produce aircraft on a large scale. However, the production of an aircraft by a given company is a process involving other dozens or perhaps hundreds, of other companies and factories, which produce certain shares of the aircraft. For example, a company may be responsible for the production of the undercarriage, while another is responsible for radar. The production of such pieces is not limited to a few cities in a given country, in case of large companies, manufaturação of aircraft, such parts can come from various parts of the world. Once built, the parts are sent to the factory's main airline, which is located on the production line. Different parts added up to each other at the end, producing the aircraft. In the case of large aircraft, there may be production lines dedicated especially to the assembly of large parts of the aircraft, such as wings and fuselage. When ready, a plane passes through a rigorous inspection, in search of flaws and defects, and being approved this inspection, the plane is tested by a pilot in a flight-test, to ensure that the controls of the aircraft are in order . With this final test, the plane is ready to receive the "finishing touches" (internal configuration, painting, etc.) and ready to be sent to their customers.

History

Aircraft engines mono, bi - turbo engines and propellers The Cessna 172, a single plane. A Fokker 70 of KLM in operation aterrisagem. Note the rear of the turbine, which reverses the direction of propulsion. Thus, the turbine pushes the plane back, with the aim of thrpugh the. Os aircraft mono motores, double motores and turbo-propellers are using an engine that is turning the propeller, creating the buoyancy needed to move the aircraft forward. In particular, turbo-propellers are the engines reaction (jet) to drive a helix .Sao relatively quiet, but have speed, load capacity and lower power than a similar jet. But are much cheaper and economical than the jet aircraft, making them the best option for people wishing to own a plane or to own small companies passenger and / or office. The jet aircraft Jet aircraft to make use of turbines for the creation of the force required for the handling of the aircraft forward. Jet aircraft to have much more strength and create a momentum much larger than aircraft that make use of turbo-propellers. As a result, can carry much more weight and have more speed than turbo-propellers. One however is the large amount of sound created by the turbine that makes jet aircraft to a source of noise pollution. Great wide bodies (“many bodies") as the Airbus A340 and Boeing 777 can carry hundreds of passengers and several tones of cargo and can pecorrer a distance of up to 16 thousand kilometers - slightly more than one quarter of the circumference land. Planes have a jet of high-speed cruise (700 to 900 km / h) and speeds of takeoff and landing (150 to 250 km / h). In a transaction aterrisagem, due to high speed, the plane to jet makes wide use of flaps to allow a rapprochement with lower speed (because they increase the surface of the wings and thus support), and the reverse (the turbine generates a stream air forward, not backward) in order to reduce the speed of the aircraft after touching the ground. They have a device called the turbine reverse. Or reverse the aid in the braking and landing (if any), the procedure of abortion takeoff (RTO). Aircraft supersonics Two F-22 of Lockheed Martin, on. Planes supersonic, as the Concorde and military fighters, make use of special turbines, which generate power necessary for a flight faster than the speed of sound. Furthermore, the design of the plane supersonic has certain differences with the design of subsonic aircraft, all in order to overcome the easiest way possible friction on the apparatus with air. In fighters, the area of the wings are reduced, intended to lower friction with the air (which can reach speeds extreme), requiring a very high speed to compensate for this feature. The speed of the takeoff of certain fighters get to 300km / h, others need more speed. Hence, vai will never hear that the game made a forced landing because in the absence of these high-speed aircraft planam not, fall quickly, as a Jaca. On aircraft carriers, use is a kind of catapult linear, moved to the pressure of the steam engine itself from the vessel. The catapult is below the runway, showing only a hook on the floor of the track, which fits in front undercarriage of the aircraft-making and drives to achieve the speed needed for takeoff on a short runway. At first glance, the visible part of that system is similar to the trail. At the landing speed is also high. Then the hunting down a stick with a hook at the tip (located on the back of the plane), which relates to the steel cables held on the track, helping to stop quickly. The flight at supersonic speed creates more noise than the flight at subsonic speeds. This limits the supersonic flights to areas of low or no population density. When passing an area of greatest population density, the supersonic aircraft are required to fly in speed subsonic. Some aircraft are capable of flying at speeds hypersonic, generally, speeds that exceed five times the speed of sound.

kinds of air crafts

Aircraft engines mono, bi-turbo engines and propellers A Cessna 172, a single plane. A Fokker 70 of KLM in operation aterrisagem. Note the rear of the turbine, which reverses the direction of propulsion. Thus, the turbine pushes the plane back, with the aim of para-lo.Os aircraft monomotores, bimotores and turbo-propellers are using an engine that is turning a propeller, creating the buoyancy needed to move the aircraft forward . In particular, turbo-propellers are the engines reaction (jet) to drive a hélice.São relatively quiet, but have speed, load capacity and lower power than a similar jet. But are much cheaper and economical than the jet aircraft, making them the best option for people wishing to own a plane or to own small companies passenger and / or cargo. [editing] the jet aircraft Jet aircraft to make use of turbines for the creation of the force required for the handling of the aircraft forward. Jet aircraft to have much more strength and create a momentum much larger than aircraft that make use of turbo-propellers. As a result, can carry much more weight and have more speed than turbo-propellers. One however is the large amount of sound created by a turbine, that makes jet aircraft to a source of noise pollution. Great widebodies ( "many bodies") as the Airbus A340 and Boeing 777, can carry hundreds of passengers and several tonnes of cargo and can pecorrer a distance of up to 16 thousand kilometers - slightly more than one quarter of the circumference land. Planes have a jet of high-speed cruise (700 to 900 km / h) and speeds of takeoff and landing (150 to 250 km / h). In a transaction aterrisagem, due to high speed, the plane to jet makes wide use of flaps to allow a rapprochement with lower speed (because they increase the surface of the wings and thus support), and the reverse (the turbine generates a stream air forward, not backward) in order to reduce the speed of the aircraft after touching the ground. They have a device called the turbine reverso.O reverse the aid in the braking and landing (if any), the procedure of abortion takeoff (RTO). [edit] Aircraft supersônicos Two F-22 of Lockheed Martin, on vôo.Aviões supersonic, as the Concorde and military fighters, make use of special turbines, which generate power necessary for a flight faster than the speed of sound. Furthermore, the design of the plane supersónico has certain differences with the design of subsonic aircraft, all in order to overcome the easiest way possible friction on the apparatus with air. In fighters, the area of the wings are reduced, intended to lower friction with the air (which can reach speeds extreme), requiring a very high speed to compensate for this feature. The speed of the takeoff of certain fighters get to 300km / h, others need more speed. Hence, vai will never hear that a game made a forced landing because in the absence of these high-speed aircraft planam not, fall quickly, as a Jaca. On aircraft carriers, use is a kind of catapult linear, moved to the pressure of the steam engine itself from the vessel. The catapult is below the runway, showing only a hook on the floor of the track, which fits in front undercarriage of the aircraft-making and drives to achieve the speed needed for takeoff on a short runway. At first glance, the visible part of that system is similar to a trail. At the landing speed is also high. Then the hunting down a stick with a hook at the tip (located on the back of the plane), which relates to the steel cables held on the track, helping to stop quickly. The flight at supersonic speed creates more noise than the flight at subsonic speeds. This limits the supersonic flights to areas of low or no population density. When passing an area of greatest population density, the supersonic aircraft are required to fly in speed subsónica. Some aircraft are capable of flying at speeds hipersónicas, generally, speeds that exceed five times the speed of sound.

support

Support Boeing 747 of Air New Zealand International Airport taking off from Christchurch, New Zealand. Airbus A319 of TAP Portugal Air Force One flying over the mountain RushmoreUm handle plane flight because of aerodynamic reactions that occur when air passes at high speed by the wing. When this happens, he is forced to pass underneath and on top of this the same time. The length of the wing is greater at the top thanks to a curve, and because of this, the air pressure in speed does not have enough to return to the profile of this curvature, creating a zone of low pressure in the upper back of the wing. In the pressure at the bottom much greater, because of that face does not have a curved profile, but closer to a straight, the kite is worth the difference in impact of gaseous air (more on the bottom, lower above) to gain support . Some explanations rely on a misinterpretation from the Bernoulli principle, saying that the flow of air at the top of a kite is faster than at the bottom. The truth is that both flows have virtually equal speeds, but with different directions. Tests show that exhaustively repeated a molecule of air that flows at the bottom of the wing travels much faster than the same molecule at the top, because obviously logical to move in a more direct path and not curve, as in upper surface . While much present in almost all explanations on aerodynamics, the theory of air faster above the wing is an explanation wrong and illogical, because there is no energy source to accelerate the air over a wing. This is only a matter of wing profile and aerodynamics. It is clear that the effect of the impact of air molecules in a more drastic at the bottom of the wing that allows a free and in their normal conditions, always tends to rise, never to fall. The planes need a high speed so that the difference between the air pressure under and on the wing is sufficient to support the aircraft. Because of these high speeds, a plane must go a certain distance from ground before reaching the speed enough for takeoff, which justifies the need for a runway on land and plan for long reach. For larger and heavier aircraft, the greater will be the length of the track and speed needed for takeoff because of the greater effort needed. The track also serves the opposite purpose: it allows the aircraft touch the ground at high speed and have room for frenar safely, smoothly moving between air vehicle to land again

movment parts

The piston engine with six blades of propellers. Turbine of a passenger plane in displaying it. Location of various parts of a mobile avião.Ailerons: are located in the wing of the aircraft. Atuam always at the same time, but in reverse direction, changing the support of the wing tips so that the plane can roll around your longitudinal axis (bancagem). Leme: that is, in most aircraft in the rear of the aircraft that also known as tail or empenagem, is a mobile part of the aircraft allowing it to turn around its vertical axis (yaw). Profundores: are located in a aerofólio (horizontal stabilizer). The function of elevators, or profundores, is basically changing the stability of the wing to the aircraft can roll around the axis side (up and down the nose, or bites and cabrar). Compensadores: areas which aims to reduce the force needed to be exercised by the pilot during the manoeuvres of scroll (bancagem), yaw and stings / cabradas, and neutralize the trend of movement of the aircraft (such as the loss of one of engines). Normally are small fins at the innermost of the ailerons and profundores. At the helm may be located in the lower part of it, more along the cigar. Vertical Stabilizer: aerofólio is a profile of symmetrical, which aims to prevent the aircraft or glisse derrape during a curve (although alone is not able to prevent such effects occur) and is supporting the rudder directional, responsible for the shift. Horizontal Stabilizer: aerofólio is a symmetrical profile of which is located in empenagem the aircraft, counter-balanceando the instability of the wing (which is generated by the support) to which the aircraft can maintain an attitude in flight enough to climb and / or fly in an altitude cruise and fall. Just as the vertical stabilizer, is a vital area for the aircraft that it can be "voável." In some high-speed aircraft (some "jets" commercial or turbo-propellers), serves as the same pay, and also called for stab trim, or simply trim. Train, train or landing of landing: They allow the aircraft transiting in soil, water or ice (for hydro-aircraft) and can be fixed or retractable. Flaps: A device hipersustentador.Mudam the profile of the wing of the plane, helping the sustainability and in controlling the speed of the aircraft in the air, both in operations of low speed - especially important in the operations of landing and decolagem.Atualmente the most used are flaps "Fowler" that besides increasing the curvature of the wings, this also increases the area, thus increasing support.

history

History [editing] main articles: History of Aviation and Chronology of aviation 14-bis, the airplane pioneer Santos Dumont Flight of the brothers Wright.El dream of flying goes back to prehistory. Many legends and myths of antiquity tell stories of flights as if Greek flight of Icarus. Leonardo da Vinci, among others visionary inventors, a plane designed in the fifteenth century. With the first flight made by man (Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and Francois Laurent d'Arlanda) into an apparatus lighter than air, a balloon, the biggest challenge became to build a machine heavier than air, capable of boosting flight on its own. Years of research by many people anxious to achieve that feat, generated results weak and slow but continuing. On August 28, 1883, John J. Montgomery was the first person to make a controlled flight with a machine heavier than air, a glider. Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were Otto Lilienthal, Percy Pilcher and Octave Chanute. Sir George Cayley, the inventor of aerodynamics, and had already built prototypes fly fixed-wing aircraft since 1803, and managed to build a successful glider with a capacity to carry passengers in 1853, but because they did not have engines could not be described as plane. The first plane itself was created by Clément Ader, October 9, 1890 manages to take off and fly 50 m. with its Eolas. Then repeats the feat with Airplane II flying 200 meters in 1892 and the Air III in 1897 that flies over a distance of 300 m. The flight of EOL was the first self-propelled flight in the history of mankind, and is regarded as the start date of aviation in Europe, although not in americas. The Brazilian Santos Dumont was the first man to take off on board a plane, powered by an engine aircraft, some countries consider the Wright brothers as the first to perform this feat, because they made the take-off on December 17, 1903, takeoff which lasted 12 seconds and in which toured some 36.5 meters. However, Santos Dumont was the first to meet a predetermined circuit, under the official supervision of specialists in this field, journalists and citizens Parisians. On October 23, 1906, flew about 60 meters at a height of 2 to 3 metres above the ground with his 14-bis in the field of Bagatelle in Paris. Santos Dumont was really the first person to make a flight in an aircraft heavier than air by means of their own, since the Kitty Hawk of the Wright brothers needed to catapult until 1908. Done in Paris, France on November 12, 1906, not only was well witnessed by local and by the press but also by several aviators and authorities. In 1911 appears the first seaplane thank the U.S. Glen H. Curtiss, in 1913 the first four, "Le Grand", designed by Russian Igor Sikorski. After World War I, engineers understood that the performance of the propeller had reached the limit and began to search for a new method of propulsion to reach higher speeds. In 1930, Frank Whittle patented his first turbines and Hans von Ohain does the same in 1935. In Germany, August 27, 1939 off the Heinkel HE-178, which assembled an engine Ohain, making the first flight reaction to the story.

Plane :

Plane (from French plane, and this will increase from the Latin avis, bird), also called airplane, Aerodyne is a fixed-wing or aircraft heavier than air, fitted with wings and a body capable of flying cargo, propelled always by one or more engines. The planes include the monoplane, biplanes and triplane. As defined by ICAO is an engine propelled by Aerodyne, which must lift its in-flight reactions mainly exerted on aerodynamic surfaces that remain fixed in certain flight conditions. In the case of not having engine would be a glider and in the case of exceeding the speed of sound are called supersonic aircraft. They fall for use as civilian aircraft (which can be cargo, passenger transport, training, health, fire, etc.). And military aircraft (loading, transport of troops, fighters, bombers, reconnaissance or spies, resupply in flight, etc.).. They can also be classified according to their power plant; aircraft powered by piston engines, jet engines (turbojet, Turbofan and turboprop) or thrusters (rockets). Its working principle se basa en la aerodynamic force acting on the wings, making it produces a lift. This originates from the difference in pressure between the upper and lower wing, produced by its special form.