Air Bus A380 Design

The aircraft will be sold for two types: a 380-8000 estimated to carry 555 passengers Balthelat degrees or 800 passengers, to the degree that only tourism will be a range of 8,000 nautical miles (14,000 kilometers), the second type is any 380-800 F cargo that can 150 tons of 5, 600 nautical miles (about 10,400 kilometers). Cockpit The cockpit is designed to be similar aircraft of other Airbus in order to reduce the duration of the training for this aircraft as well as reduce the costs of education and training as well be covered with glass cockpit and improved the best. Presented in the cabin of the plane some characteristics in LCD screens, which varies in width and length from 6 to 8 inches all the same, and possible amendment. Er a 380 biplane manufactured by the European Union representative company of aircraft maker Airbus, at the headquarters of the assembly in Toulouse. An A-380 with four engines Zaanvip and capable of carrying 555 passengers in three degrees or more than 840 passengers in one degree. Acquired this aircraft giant super jumbo named after the monopoly of Boeing 747 aircraft from Boeing Co. of America since the Boeing 747 aircraft to enter service in 1977 and lasted until the dominant airline plane WITH 380 flight test, followed by marketing and supply flights in the international aviation exhibition. An A-380 will be competing with rival Boeing Co. aircraft category of all categories in terms of absorption to a greater number of passengers and cargo and fly longer distances between continents to each other. Was due to enter service with the plane flying Singapore in the first quarter of 2006, but disruptions in the systems Altcelik in entertainment on the plane, forcing the plant to announce a delay in the delivery of the plane to Singapore Airlines, which may last for a period of six to seven months. Airbus won deals to buy 168 aircraft from several global airlines, including Singapore Air and Emirates, which is the biggest customers for the aircraft secured for the purchase of 45 confirmed aircraft and aviation Malaysian airline and aviation Australia.

The Airbus 380 aircraft designed to operate on four engines, which consists of two floors, the first round of Toulouse in France on April 27 of 2005, this aircraft will be used for commercial flights, which will begin in 2006 after 15 months Tests that will be accompanied by a lot of things to develop, called Ba before Airbus A3XX, as well as Super Jumbo, which has become synonymous with this type of aircraft. Airbus 380 plane is one of the largest passenger aircraft, so that it exceeded the size of Boeing 747 aircraft, which was the largest in 35 years, but still maintains an Antonov 225 the largest commercial airliner, the plane was declared in January 18 2005.

Inter-war period

During the First World War, the aircraft production has been greatly stimulated. After this war, the aircraft manufacturer had to struggle to survive, because not as many military aircraft were used. Especially in Europe, many of the former airplane manufacturer into bankruptcy if they have not succeeded in their production of civilian goods move. In the U.S. warplanes were virtually cutting prices to buy. Former pilots of fighter aircraft had a new job. Commercial civil aviation Junkers F 13 Ju 52/3m In both the U.S. and in Europe many new services and civil aviation companies, such as the Luft Hansa 1926. The most famous passenger planes this time were the Junkers F 13, the Junkers G 38, the Dornier-Wal, the Handley Page HP42 and the Junkers Ju 52/3m. Flight Post The air with planes that already during the First World War, has been significantly expanded and beyond national borders included. The first regular air link was established on 1 April 1918 between Vienna and Kiev recorded in July 1918 followed by the Vienna-Budapest. The air was advertising fashion, the so-called sky letter was from the 1922 British Major Jack Savage and presented in the U.S. by a growing advertising industry enthusiastically. Migrant review tingelten aviator in the U.S. with their aerobatic performances by fairground to fairground. The first aircraft were used as agricultural pesticides used on airplanes. The aerial photography was used for surveying purposes. "Flying aces" of the First World War, such as Ernst Udet presented as Stuntmen for the film industry after Hollywood's air battles. Long-haul flights Curtiss NC 4Die big challenge after the war were long-haul flights, especially the crossing of the Atlantic. This task cost some lives, until one of three in Newfoundland started flying Curtiss-boats of the U.S. Navy, the Curtiss NC-4, after 11 days on 27 May 1919 in Lisbon and landed Lieutenant-Commander Albert Cushing Read sparks could go home: "We are healing on the other side of the pond. The work is done. "The other members of the crew of the boat were flying Walter Hinton and Elmer F. Stone as a pilot, James L. Breese and Eugene P. Rhoads as flight engineers and Herbert C. Rodd as a radio operator. The machine had in the Azores between land and have had to be repaired. The flight took one boat after a visit to Britain by ship in the U.S.. The Vickers Vimy by Alcock and Brown after the crash landing at ClifdenIn the period from 14 to 15 June 1919 succeeding the British airmen Captain John Alcock and Lt. Arthur Whitten Brown, the first nonstop flight across the Atlantic. Their plane was a twin bomber type of modified Vickers Vimy IV, with an open cockpit. The pilots ran into thunderstorms, hail and snow. They were launched from Lester's Field, Newfoundland, she landed in a peat bog near Clifden in Connemara, Ireland. On landing the plane tipped to the nose and was damaged. John Alcock commented after landing witty: Yesterday I was in America, and I am the first one in Europe to say that. (Yesterday I was in America, and I'm the first person in Europe can say!) Charles Lindbergh succeeds between 20th and 21 May 1927 with his plane "Ryan NYP" Spirit of St. Louis, the first nonstop solo flight from New York to Paris across the Atlantic. He wins so that the awards since 1919 Orteig Prize. This alone brought overflights of U.S. aircraft industry and the U.S. airlines a significant upswing. A Guggenheim Lindberghs funded travel by all U.S. states throughout the country led to the construction of airfields. On 12 April 1928 succeeds in crossing the Atlantic from east (Baldonnel in Ireland) to West (Greenly Iceland - Newfoundland) by Hermann Köhl, James Fitzmaurice and Ehrenfried Guenther Freiherr von Hünefeld with a modified Junkers W 33 (Bremen). Flying boats From the end of the'20s begins the era of big flying boats, whose most famous representatives of the Dornier Do X and Boeing 314 were. The main field was wide Pacific and transatlantic flights. Catapult Aircraft With the advent of large passenger ships were increasingly catapult aircraft provided by a steam catapult been started. The planes were used mostly for quick transportation post, the most common types were the Heinkel He 60 and the Junkers Ju 46th As a pioneer in aircraft catapult applies Ernst Heinkel, already around 1920 a catapult aircraft on the Japanese battleship Nagato installed. Rotary wing aircraft A crucial physical limitation of fixed-wing aircraft is that at low speeds to the Tragflügeln to stall and the aircraft's crash. One such accident he constructed three large aircraft bombs brought the Spanish airplane designer Juan de la Cierva to the gyroplanes to develop. 1922 he developed the articulated rotor head: The rotor blades are on strike at the joints rotor head attached, as a result of which will boost the difference between forward and rewind blade balanced. From 1927 de la Cierva used to blow apart joints even swing swing joints and dampers and constructed as the still widely used mounting of the rotor blades on the rotor head for rotary wing aircraft. With his gyroplanes C 8 L crossed de la Cierva, 18 September 1928 the English Channel. Apart from the semi-leaf connection of Bell Engineers used the majority of rotary wing aircraft, the principle of the rotor blade of Port de la Cierva. Only modern composites for rotor blades were gelenklose leaf connections to the shock and pivot movements are now more flexible by deformations of the blade (for example, from 1970 to BO-105). Flight instruments The time between the World Wars was also the time when the main instruments for the flight were developed without sight. Already in 1914 the Americans had burst Lawrence Sperry with his French mechanic Emil Cachin kreiselstabilisierten a biplane at a demonstration flight in France. This gyro stabilization was the archetype of all autopilot. Extensive importance won the autopilot but only in the thirties. Elmer Ambrose Sperry, the father of Lawrence Sperry, had developed the artificial horizon (other sources mention Lawrence himself as the inventor of this device, father and son stood in the competition since 1918). The first instrument flight is James Harold Doolittle in 1929 attributed. He used in its Consolidated NY-2 a precise altimeter, Elmer Sperrys artificial horizon and a gyroscope compass. He was informed by a radiotelephone observer on the ground and was directed at a Funkleitstrahl from. All important instruments for the blind flight on the basis of the roundabout were thus introduced around 1930. Toward the end of the thirties was an automatic pneumatic or hydraulic steering exchange rate for larger airplanes usual. For the pilots of this progress is probably only with the introduction of "fly-by-wire control system in modern times to compare it meant for him to take on his own feeling on the technical tools to leave. Similarly critical was the introduction of these tools also included. The instruments allowed on the other hand, but also the expansion of aviation on conditions under which the visual flight never would have been possible, in terms of altitude and flying at night and bad weather. Radionavigation The radio based navigation was essentially still on the target of radio stations or radio beacons with an antenna. Although the first rotary radio beacons in 1908 by Telefunken under the name Telefunken compass transmitter had been developed (1907 was a simpler system of Scheller patented), had these systems were only for the air navigation importance. Funk Rotating appropriate fire were back in Cleve and Tondern (Tønder). Already in 1933, the ZZ-method, a ground-based blind landing procedure developed in the night-line service between Kaliningrad and Berlin successfully established. The ultra-short wave radio Landing Fire Company C. Lorenz A.-G. was already in the early thirties as night and bad weather landing system with a range up to about 30 kilometers, the analysis was first acoustically, and later by advertising tools. In the late thirties, these systems, however, for longer ranges developed by bombers in darkness goal to lead (Knickebein device). Helicopter In the early 30s to build Louis Breguet and Rene with the Dorand-Gyroplane Laboratoire probably only use the helicopter, the stable over time flew. He held all international records for helicopter until June 1937 the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 over the top position. Both models and prototypes were but remained unique. Series was built during the Second World War, the Flettner Fl 282 and the Sikorsky R-4, a successor to the Sikorsky VS-300. With the flying boat combination Short Mayo was from 1937 in England for transatlantic flights have been experimenting. The sense of the short-Mayo was combined with an easy-fueled flying boat, in this case a short-S. 21, a schwerbeladenes seaplane (a short-S. 20) at cruising altitude and to ensure there auszuklinken. This combination should be the relationship between performance, payload and optimize fuel. Altitude aircraft As early as 1937 the German Air Force began with the construction of altitude aircraft, they were equipped with pressure cabins and reached altitudes from 12,000 to 15,000 m. The most famous representatives were the Junkers Ef 61, later the Henschel Hs 130 and the Junkers Ju 388th They served as altitude or altitude reconnaissance bomber, but they were only a few units were built. The first passenger plane with a pressurized cabin allowed the Boeing B-307 to fly above the weather and so a significant increase comfort for passengers.

The First World War

The first fighter planes and bombers Otto Lilienthal showed itself in a tragic way as visionary as he 1894 in a letter to him from the estimated social ethicist Moritz von Egidy wrote: "The mutual isolation of countries, customs and forced traffic obstruction is only possible because we are not free as the Vogel also dominate the air empire ... . The borders of countries would lose their importance because they can no longer shut off, ...". About 20 years later, in the First World War, it became clear that aircraft can be used as weapons. First planes were used for observation. Encounters enemy observation planes brought the military to leave the airplane as a weapon to improve the fundamentals of the air war have been developed. Initially, the observer equipped with a machine gun. Later rifles were boarding the aircraft with actuator using an interrupter gear synchronized, so that the weapon by its own propeller circle on the enemy could shoot. So were useful fighter planes invented. The planes were from grenades, and later Flechettes special explosives and fire bombs, first on the enemy lines and later on enemy factories and cities dropped. Here already developed two warring parties under a doctrine, which until now caused much suffering (for example a quote of the War of the Allies at Versailles in Autumn 1918): "The best way is to bombard industrial centers, where you can: a) military and vital damage caused by the destruction of care centers for war and achieved b) the maximum effect on morale by destroying the most sensitive part of the population, namely the working class achieved. " During the First World War, an aircraft industry from the ground gestampft, the first airfields, which Funks technology of flight has been developed, aircraft engines were always powerful. Many of the aerial flight figures were applied later default figures of aerobatics as Immelmann or looping. Tethered observation platforms In Austria-Hungary developed by Stephan Petročzy, Theodore von Kármán and Wilhelm Zurovec shackled the observation platforms PKZ-1 and PKZ-2, these machines were guided by three ropes helicopter. The PKZ-2 flights attempt at reaching a flight altitude of 50 meters, but was never used manned. Hugo Junkers 1915 tried the first all-metal aircraft in the world, the Junkers J 1st 1919 Hugo Junkers built the first all-metal airliner in the world, the Junkers F 13, whose design principles for guiding aircraft following generations were. Invention of the parachute The German Käthe Paul developed the pack bag for the parachute. On 1 March 1912 jumped by the Americans Albert Berry is the first time from an airplane with a parachute from. The attempt succeeded. Thus stood for a reliable aircraft crews rescue device available. Otto Heinecke invented the parachute with forced release, a parachute, supported by a Aufziehleine been triggered. During the First World War was the skydiving as a rescue device for German aircraft crews widespread. The Allies supplied their aircraft crews, however, was not the case with umbrellas, to prevent corrupted planes were abandoned prematurely. The first aircraft carrier By 1916 HMS Campania was the first aircraft carrier, the first aircraft that were the Fairey Campania and the Sopwith Pup. The Short succeeded in 1915 as 184 torpedo bombers, the first sinking of a ship

From step to jump from the jump to flight

The first flying model helicopters 1784 to build the French Launoa and Bienvenue Model flying an early double-rotor helicopter. Sir George Cayley (see below) modified the model 1796. These are the first known, admittedly primitive flying model helicopters with opposite coaxial rotors. They were with a bow drill driven, a controller was not foreseen. 1842 expands the Englishman WH Phillips the first flying model helicopters, with tip drive. 1874 design Fritz and William Achenbach einrotorigen the first helicopter with tail rotor torque to compensate. There are not flying model. Ludwig Albrecht Berblinger, the "Tailor of Ulm" 1810 to 1811 designed Berblinger Ludwig Albrecht, the tailor of Ulm, his first flying gliders, but leads him to the public on the Danube under adverse conditions (currents) and plunges under the scorn of the people in the river. That his plane was flying, was established in 1986 demonstrated. George Cayley The English scientist Sir George Cayley (1773 to 1857) investigated and described as the first in fundamental ways, the problems of aerodynamic flight and is therefore also known as the "father of aeronautics" means. He broke from the wings and fly published from 1809 to 1810 a proposal for an aircraft with surface-time and a tunneling mechanism. " He describes the order as the first principle of modern fixed-wing aircraft. In the build in 1849 he manned Three Decker, the 1852 (or 1853) a short distance flights. Flight Otto Lilienthal, Berlin Lichterfelde on 29 June 1895Otto Lilienthal The flight pioneer Otto Lilienthal (1848 - 1896) has led since 1891 after successful Gleitflüge the principle of "heavier than air" and different from many predecessors is that he is not a single flight tried, but after extensive theoretical and practical preparatory significantly more than 1,000 times gesegelt is. The aerodynamic shape of its wing, he tried on his "runout apparatus" of the operation since a predecessor of modern wind tunnels was. Otto Lilienthal was also the first to recognize that buoyancy and jacking independently-looking. Gustav Weisskopf One of the first flights will be controlled engine of the German-American aviation pioneer Gustav Weisskopf in 1901 over a distance of a half miles've traveled. Unfortunately, there was only so no witnesses and photographic evidence. Karl Jatho Karl Jatho was a German aviation pioneer and the first humans, the evidence of a motorized flight successfully carried out. On 18 August 1903, four months before the first - controlled - Engine flight of the Wright brothers, led an uncontrolled engine flight in the near Hanover Heide Vahrenwalder through, "the four eyewitnesses confirmed notarially" was. Wright Flyer Wright brothers The outstanding performance of the Wright brothers was the first airplane to build it, with a successful, ongoing, controlled powered flight was possible, and this powered flight on 17 December 1903 also carried it. In addition, they have their flights scrupulously documented and within a short time in more flights, the suitability of their aircraft unequivocally proven. Of utmost importance is that Orville Wright already with the 1904 Wright Flyer a controlled full circle could fly. On the edge is worth noting that the Wright Flyer to the type referred to a "Canard" was, thus controlling the amount before the main structure was. Samuel Pierpont Langley, a secretary of the Smithsonian Institute tried a few weeks before the Wright-flight, his "Aerodrome" to fly to. Although his attempt failed, claimed the Smithsonian Institute for some time, the Aerodrome was the first "flugtaugliche machine." The Wright Flyer was sent to the Smithsonian Institute donated with the stipulation that the institute no earlier motorized flight should recognize. This requirement was formulated by the donors to the earlier presentation of the institute, with the Langley Aerodrome had the first successful powered flight carried to prohibit. This requirement has led repeatedly to Presumption that before the Wright Flyer successful attempts at powered flight gave their approval but in conjunction with the Foundation edition had been suppressed. Airship No. 14 with the plane fastened to 14-bisAlberto Santos-Dumont The first engine flying in Europe was probably the Brazilians living in Paris, Alberto Santos-Dumont. His first attempt to motorize an aircraft, was 18 with the affixing of a 1.75 hp engine payable to a gas, although this drive proved to be too weak. After he then from 1898 several airships successfully designed and flown had he turned to the construction of fixed-wing aircraft. On 12 November 1906 he flew with the 14 to the first public and official powered flight without catapult system and without wind. Alberto Santos-Dumont won the prize of 1,500 francs for the first powered flight in the world over 100 meters. His 14-up was based on the experience, with the box kite he had made, where the shape of its wings derived. His 1907-1909-built monoplane (5-meter wingspan) were forerunners of the light aircraft. In September of 1909, designed and flew Alberto Santos-Dumont the Demoiselle, the first lightweight sport aircraft in the world. He flew in the same month a record speed of 55.8 mph (18 km in 16 minutes, corresponding to approximately 67 kph). The flight model has been in the United States and Europe repeatedly copied. The first engine planes were mostly biplane. Experimental were also more than three wings on each other. Such a multi-wing design came from the Englishman Horatio Frederick Phillips. Fifty Decker with the "No. Horatio Phillips. 2 "succeeded him in the summer of 1907, the first powered flight in England. First Channel crossing Once on 16th October 1910, the first English Channel crossing with Adolphe Clements airship "Clément-Bayard" N ° 2 was successfully placed Europe in 1909 further practical milestones in the history of the aircraft. On 25 July 1909 Louis Blériot crossed with his monoplane Blériot XI as the first with an airplane the English Channel. His flight from Calais after Dover lasted 37 minutes at an average altitude of 100 meters. Blériot was thus by the British newspaper Daily Mail for the first Channel crossing awards prize money to take. With the Blériot XI was its designer "father of modern monoplane." The success of the machine made him the first commercial airplane manufacturer. Even by the Austrian aviation pioneer Igo Etrich in 1909 developed Etrich dove was one of the first in larger pieces built engine aircraft. She had to enter the First World War also important as military aircraft. Grande Semaine d'Aviation de la Champagne , 22 to 29 August 1909 was held with the "Grande Semaine d'Aviation de la Champagne" a flight at Reims, which brought several records: Henri Farman flew a distance of 180 kilometers in 3 hours. Blériot flew the highest speed flight over the 10-kilometer stretch of 76.95 km / h. Hubert Latham reached on a "Antoinette" by the aircraft designer Levasseur with 155 meters the highest altitude. The Aerodynamic Laboratory Goettingen At the end of 1907 was later Aerodynamic Laboratory Goettingen was launched. They dealt in its founding years with the development of the "best" blimp shape, its former head Ludwig Prandtl was, however, with the exploration of the scientific basis for the boundary layer theory and the theory of the world's wing to the "father of aerodynamics." The first helicopter Paul Cornu with his "flying bicycle" 1907 Louis Breguet built and Jaques Bréguet with the participation of Charles Richet the Quadrocopter "Bréguet-Richet No. 1". The helicopter lifted with a person about 1.5 meters from the ground. The flight characteristics, however, were so unstable that the machinery of four men at the Outrigger had to be secured. The first helicopter flight was a tethered flight. Paul Cornu developed the world's first manned free-flying helicopter, "flying bicycle" called. For the first flight on 13 November 1907 in Lisieux, Calvados, France, he reached a height of about 30 cm and 20 second flight. The first composite helicopter was the 1908 "Bréguet-Richet No. 2". He reached a cruising altitude of about 4.5 m and a flight distance of about 20 m. To truly usable helicopter designs were only in the 30s of the 20th Century, so the 1933-Gyroplane Laboratoire. In the meantime, design features were developed that still have meaning, such as tandem rotor, coaxial rotor arrangement or tail rotor to compensate for loss of torque. The first altitude breathing apparatus 1907 represents the Drägerwerk his first Konstantdosierhöhenatemgerät ago. These devices get on airplanes but only later, because at that time only balloonist to reach altitudes, where the altitude sickness, or hypoxia occurs. Sometime from 1909 to 1911, began gliding sport. In the year 1910 will be on the first flights with hang by engineering students reported. 1911 there were flights on the water glides dome. The Air Sports was born. Seaplanes On 28 March 1910 succeeding the French engineer Henri Fabre of the Hydravion Canard he constructed the first flight with a seaplane. Monocoque 1912 Louis Béchereau invents the monocoque construction for aircraft. The hulls of other aircraft consisted of a painted cloth covered with scaffolding. The monocoque Deperdussin Béchereau designed monocoque Rennflugzeug had a power line, but from Hull a wooden bowl without inner skeleton. New was also the "DEP" control, when the control stick for Nick movement wheel for the rolling motion sat, a principle which is still widely used. As the aircraft engine had a special airplane engine, the gnome-circulation motor. The monocoque monocoque Deperdussin were the fastest planes of their time. Ilya MuromezEin a major technical breakthrough succeeds shortly before the First World War, the Russian engineer and pilot Igor Sikorski, who later rather than manufacturers of air boats and designer of helicopters in the U.S. known. 1913 to 1914 proves it with the first designed by him "large aircraft", the twin Grand Baltiski, the four Le Grande and its successor, the four Ilya Muromez that such large planes to fly safely and stably, even if one or two engines off or fail. These aircraft were originally designed as a comfortable passenger aircraft designed and justify this era. Later, the Ilya Muromez also as a bomber

Renaissance

In the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci designed several aircraft, including the first "Helicopter". None of the models would be flugtauglich, but the creative approaches and in particular the engineering methodology had pioneered value, while da Vinci with his thoughts on aviation "far ahead of time" was. Until the end of the 19th Century da Vinci's designs were rediscovered, but had no breakthrough influence on the development of the first airplanes. It will, however, suspects that the Augsburg shoemaker Salomon Idler on Leonardo's plans had when he built his flying apparatus.

Medieval

In the Middle Ages was the ability of flying mostly with mystical beings associated. The idea of the human world saw ghosts, fairies, demons and angels fly through the air. Witches were in the call, with brooms fly to them, according to the popular belief that they needed a flight ointment, inter alia, children's corpses were processed (in reality, they contained a heady plant alkaloids such as Bilsenkraut and belladonna, the "flights" were hallucinations). These and other rumors sure that they are on the pyre were burned.

Antiquity

In the years 2258 to 2208 before Christ lived the Chinese Emperor Shun. He reported a legend that he had learned the art, like a bird to fly. In the fourth century BC, Chinese children playing with a toy, the first known model of a helicopter (rotary wing aircraft) can be viewed. The Chinese gyro consisted of a round rod, in the cruciform easily employed bird feathers were inserted. By rotating the round staff between the two palms produce the feathers finally enough buoyancy to the roundabout into the air to rise. Flying was often an attribute of gods and privilege views. Even where gods or transcendental beings with no wings below will include the ability to fly to their properties. In this religious tradition is certainly also the Ascension of Jesus to be seen. The Indian mythology familiar images of flying divine chariot (Vimana), such as those in the epic Ramayana are to be found. The monkey god Hanuman could also fly. For the Aztecs, it was Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent, which played an important role, and the Babylonians were lions, bulls and people with wings, dar. Turning around the time documented the Roman poet Publius Ovidius Naso in his work Metamorphoses, the Greek legend of Daidalos and Ikaros, with homemade wings with wax from bird feathers glued to escape from Crete to Sicily tried. According to legend was the technology actually work, that it does not quite work - Icarus crashed - was much more concerned that he is the sun and the gods too had approached and almost as a punishment for the sacrilege of the wax wings melted . Thus Icarus crashed into the sea and lost his life here.

Inspired by nature

The best pilots come from nature - but the nature and effectiveness of the movement of birds and insects is still technically unmatched. So it is not yet succeeded in humans, with a swing-wing aircraft (Ornithopter) into the air to rise. Similarly, the flight services such as a dragonfly in proportion to the size and weight has not been nearly achieved (see insect flight), although it is the first successful experiments with Ornithopterprinzip built after the small UAV (eg DelFly the Delft University of Technology). It was the bird flight and the aerodynamics of the wings model and motivation in the development of today's fixed-wing aircraft. Contrary to the rotorcraft: While turning the seeds of the maple tree as when a rotor gyroplanes without drive to the ground, but he was never as a model for helicopters. With new materials and processes such as CFD are also increasingly complex, elastic forms technically manageable, but that without the properties of natural materials for the foreseeable future would be reached.

aviation history

The history of aviation begins with the observation of nature and the dream of flying, and goes a long history of attempts and failures on the first flight pioneers and their technical achievements to today's commercial and military aviation.

Application

Nowadays, the aerodynamic design of aircraft and vehicles on the computer instead. Of great importance is the numerical flow simulation in which a computerized procedure with appropriate computing effort good approximations for real flow processes can be achieved. For many applications because of the enormous complexity of the phenomena occurring even today experimental measurements in wind tunnels to test carcasses or necessary in order to verify the interpretation or risks in the development ruled out.

Theoretical models

The largest model, the Navier-Stokes equations. It is a system of nonlinear partial differential equations 2nd Rules, which is a Newtonian fluid completely describe it. In particular, including turbulence and the hydrodynamic boundary layer included. A simpler model, the Euler equations, because of the friction neglected the boundary layer does not depict nor contain turbulence, which, for example, do not stall on this model can be simulated. That is much coarser grid suited to make sense to solve equations. For those parts of the flow, in which the boundary layer plays no significant role, the Euler equations very good. Finally, the potential equations are especially useful when quick rough predictions be made. With them is the entropy as a constant condition, which means that no strong shock waves may occur because of this the entropy is even unsteadily. Further simplification of constant density leads to the Laplace equation.

Special Areas

The aerodynamics is a sub-field of fluid dynamics (including fluid dynamics) and includes several specialty areas, focusing on different priorities specialize: Hydrofoil theory: a wing movements in the dense gas Aerospace Aerodynamics: This area deals with the aerodynamics during flight and reentry of spacecraft bodies Supersonic aerodynamics: missiles, which are faster than sound move (Mach 1 to Mach 3) Hypersonic aerodynamics: missiles, which are at very high speed in dense gases move (Mach 3 +) Boundary layer theory: It is the tightly fitting layer in close proximity to the body sees around

Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics is part of the Fluid Dynamics and describes the behavior of bodies in compressible fluids (eg air). The aerodynamics describes the forces that are there, for example, allow aircraft to fly or sail boats, with the help of the wind through the water to move. Many other areas of technology, such as the Civil Engineering or the vehicle must deal with the aerodynamics deal

The different organizations of air traffic

To provide these services, an organization (control tower, en route center ...) is established. There are several types. Depending on the type of traffic, different agencies provide air traffic control: The centers en route air navigation (ACC) are responsible for ensuring that the air traffic services for the benefit of aircraft cruise (excluding nearby aerodrome). For example, there are 5 regional control centers (also called en route centers) in France who share the provision of the service control throughout France. The centers approach control (APP) are responsible for ensuring that the air traffic services in the vicinity of an aerodrome, in a control area whose size is variable. Air traffic controllers are usually located in the cab of a control tower or radar room in a specially built.
. In the second terminal OuestLes centers aerodrome control (TWR for Tower or control tower) are responsible for ensuring that the air traffic services in a restricted area (about a dozen kilometers) around an aerodrome. Their main function is the management of the airstrip. The service is delivered from the cab of a control tower. These bodies were differentiated because the skills, rules and technical means are not the same. A control center in motion requires a radar, while the main tool in aerodrome control is the view. On approach, all aircraft want to go in the same place: the track was a phenomenon "funnel". En route, the aircraft have different origins and destinations, the problems are many scattered and random. These and other differences led to this classification. There are also other organizations that are called "control" by abuse of language, but do not control service, just information services and warning. These organizations are: FIS: Flight Information Service. It is co-located with a control center in road or an approach. They make the flight information services and warning in an area not controlled. AFIS: Aerodrome Flight Information Service (flight information service on aerodrome), which replaces the aerodrome control within a controlled aerodrome not providing information services and warning. The AFIS officer, contrary to an air traffic controller can not give any instructions to the pilots but it may suggest maneuvers. They are generally of former military controllers.

Air traffic control

Air traffic control is a set of services rendered by air traffic controllers to aircraft to assist in the safe, fast and efficient flight. The services are three, called "air navigation services, for the purposes of: prevent collisions between aircraft and ground vehicles or on the one hand, and midair collisions between aircraft on the other hand (formerly known as "collisions"). It is also to accelerate and direct air traffic; to provide advice and information necessary for safe and efficient performance of the flight: weather information, information on the status of ground facilities for navigation, traffic information (when the service will not be ensured in this area ); to provide a warning to prevent its appropriate when aircraft need the assistance of relief organizations and rescue and to lend to these bodies the necessary assistance.

FOUR TYPES OF AIR PLANES YOU CAN BUILD

Do you like the beautiful model airplanes that are sold in toy shops and at many sites online? Of course, you can simply go to a store or click on a site and buy what you want most dear. But beyond the fact that models ready for purchase cost is only that the money not as cold as you build yourself models. What kind of model that you can build yourself? Almost everyone. Here are some ideas: Paper airplanes. Building one that has not as a kid? Building paper airplane can be as simple as get a piece of paper and make some folds. But there are airplanes flying with a leading role and remote control or others who are just scale models of existing aircraft. Some enthusiasts even built helicopter that can fly paper. The main drawback of paper airplanes is that they get easily damaged - especially the ones really fly. Free flight of the aircraft. There is a category of aircraft model called "free flight" which means they fly with no attachment to the land, or even your hand. Most models are simple free flight - as well as the simple paper airplanes that we build the children (they are, in fact, free flight airplane models as well). Free flight helicopters are much more difficult than to build aircraft for obvious reasons, but there are people who build them - with self rotating propellers or "recovered" by an elastic mechanism. The free flight planes are very happy and fun. They are easy to lose what is its main drawback. RC Aircraft. Remote control planes are very cool toys, but we really need expertise in electronics and similar things. You will not save money by building such models alone - the ready RC airplanes and helicopters are much cheaper compared with efforts to build up. But if you can build an RC plane by their own hands, you really have something to be cause for pride. You can build airplanes RC much easier if you buy a kit or at least a package of remote control and engine. Static Scale Models. Sounds simple? Actually this is the heavy artillery of the aircraft modeling. Making scale models is difficult because you just have to keep the real scale of the model. This requires high precision and ability to work in very small sizes. The model aircraft can be made of mahogany wood, plastic or even clay. If you are scarified to make everything from scratch you can buy almost ready model, requiring only paint. This is a good way to start. Most supporters of the model of aviation sooner or later we want to build their own models, in addition to what they buy and collect. You may start to build yourself - nothing is too scary and fun.