The First World War

The first fighter planes and bombers Otto Lilienthal showed itself in a tragic way as visionary as he 1894 in a letter to him from the estimated social ethicist Moritz von Egidy wrote: "The mutual isolation of countries, customs and forced traffic obstruction is only possible because we are not free as the Vogel also dominate the air empire ... . The borders of countries would lose their importance because they can no longer shut off, ...". About 20 years later, in the First World War, it became clear that aircraft can be used as weapons. First planes were used for observation. Encounters enemy observation planes brought the military to leave the airplane as a weapon to improve the fundamentals of the air war have been developed. Initially, the observer equipped with a machine gun. Later rifles were boarding the aircraft with actuator using an interrupter gear synchronized, so that the weapon by its own propeller circle on the enemy could shoot. So were useful fighter planes invented. The planes were from grenades, and later Flechettes special explosives and fire bombs, first on the enemy lines and later on enemy factories and cities dropped. Here already developed two warring parties under a doctrine, which until now caused much suffering (for example a quote of the War of the Allies at Versailles in Autumn 1918): "The best way is to bombard industrial centers, where you can: a) military and vital damage caused by the destruction of care centers for war and achieved b) the maximum effect on morale by destroying the most sensitive part of the population, namely the working class achieved. " During the First World War, an aircraft industry from the ground gestampft, the first airfields, which Funks technology of flight has been developed, aircraft engines were always powerful. Many of the aerial flight figures were applied later default figures of aerobatics as Immelmann or looping. Tethered observation platforms In Austria-Hungary developed by Stephan Petročzy, Theodore von Kármán and Wilhelm Zurovec shackled the observation platforms PKZ-1 and PKZ-2, these machines were guided by three ropes helicopter. The PKZ-2 flights attempt at reaching a flight altitude of 50 meters, but was never used manned. Hugo Junkers 1915 tried the first all-metal aircraft in the world, the Junkers J 1st 1919 Hugo Junkers built the first all-metal airliner in the world, the Junkers F 13, whose design principles for guiding aircraft following generations were. Invention of the parachute The German Käthe Paul developed the pack bag for the parachute. On 1 March 1912 jumped by the Americans Albert Berry is the first time from an airplane with a parachute from. The attempt succeeded. Thus stood for a reliable aircraft crews rescue device available. Otto Heinecke invented the parachute with forced release, a parachute, supported by a Aufziehleine been triggered. During the First World War was the skydiving as a rescue device for German aircraft crews widespread. The Allies supplied their aircraft crews, however, was not the case with umbrellas, to prevent corrupted planes were abandoned prematurely. The first aircraft carrier By 1916 HMS Campania was the first aircraft carrier, the first aircraft that were the Fairey Campania and the Sopwith Pup. The Short succeeded in 1915 as 184 torpedo bombers, the first sinking of a ship

From step to jump from the jump to flight

The first flying model helicopters 1784 to build the French Launoa and Bienvenue Model flying an early double-rotor helicopter. Sir George Cayley (see below) modified the model 1796. These are the first known, admittedly primitive flying model helicopters with opposite coaxial rotors. They were with a bow drill driven, a controller was not foreseen. 1842 expands the Englishman WH Phillips the first flying model helicopters, with tip drive. 1874 design Fritz and William Achenbach einrotorigen the first helicopter with tail rotor torque to compensate. There are not flying model. Ludwig Albrecht Berblinger, the "Tailor of Ulm" 1810 to 1811 designed Berblinger Ludwig Albrecht, the tailor of Ulm, his first flying gliders, but leads him to the public on the Danube under adverse conditions (currents) and plunges under the scorn of the people in the river. That his plane was flying, was established in 1986 demonstrated. George Cayley The English scientist Sir George Cayley (1773 to 1857) investigated and described as the first in fundamental ways, the problems of aerodynamic flight and is therefore also known as the "father of aeronautics" means. He broke from the wings and fly published from 1809 to 1810 a proposal for an aircraft with surface-time and a tunneling mechanism. " He describes the order as the first principle of modern fixed-wing aircraft. In the build in 1849 he manned Three Decker, the 1852 (or 1853) a short distance flights. Flight Otto Lilienthal, Berlin Lichterfelde on 29 June 1895Otto Lilienthal The flight pioneer Otto Lilienthal (1848 - 1896) has led since 1891 after successful Gleitflüge the principle of "heavier than air" and different from many predecessors is that he is not a single flight tried, but after extensive theoretical and practical preparatory significantly more than 1,000 times gesegelt is. The aerodynamic shape of its wing, he tried on his "runout apparatus" of the operation since a predecessor of modern wind tunnels was. Otto Lilienthal was also the first to recognize that buoyancy and jacking independently-looking. Gustav Weisskopf One of the first flights will be controlled engine of the German-American aviation pioneer Gustav Weisskopf in 1901 over a distance of a half miles've traveled. Unfortunately, there was only so no witnesses and photographic evidence. Karl Jatho Karl Jatho was a German aviation pioneer and the first humans, the evidence of a motorized flight successfully carried out. On 18 August 1903, four months before the first - controlled - Engine flight of the Wright brothers, led an uncontrolled engine flight in the near Hanover Heide Vahrenwalder through, "the four eyewitnesses confirmed notarially" was. Wright Flyer Wright brothers The outstanding performance of the Wright brothers was the first airplane to build it, with a successful, ongoing, controlled powered flight was possible, and this powered flight on 17 December 1903 also carried it. In addition, they have their flights scrupulously documented and within a short time in more flights, the suitability of their aircraft unequivocally proven. Of utmost importance is that Orville Wright already with the 1904 Wright Flyer a controlled full circle could fly. On the edge is worth noting that the Wright Flyer to the type referred to a "Canard" was, thus controlling the amount before the main structure was. Samuel Pierpont Langley, a secretary of the Smithsonian Institute tried a few weeks before the Wright-flight, his "Aerodrome" to fly to. Although his attempt failed, claimed the Smithsonian Institute for some time, the Aerodrome was the first "flugtaugliche machine." The Wright Flyer was sent to the Smithsonian Institute donated with the stipulation that the institute no earlier motorized flight should recognize. This requirement was formulated by the donors to the earlier presentation of the institute, with the Langley Aerodrome had the first successful powered flight carried to prohibit. This requirement has led repeatedly to Presumption that before the Wright Flyer successful attempts at powered flight gave their approval but in conjunction with the Foundation edition had been suppressed. Airship No. 14 with the plane fastened to 14-bisAlberto Santos-Dumont The first engine flying in Europe was probably the Brazilians living in Paris, Alberto Santos-Dumont. His first attempt to motorize an aircraft, was 18 with the affixing of a 1.75 hp engine payable to a gas, although this drive proved to be too weak. After he then from 1898 several airships successfully designed and flown had he turned to the construction of fixed-wing aircraft. On 12 November 1906 he flew with the 14 to the first public and official powered flight without catapult system and without wind. Alberto Santos-Dumont won the prize of 1,500 francs for the first powered flight in the world over 100 meters. His 14-up was based on the experience, with the box kite he had made, where the shape of its wings derived. His 1907-1909-built monoplane (5-meter wingspan) were forerunners of the light aircraft. In September of 1909, designed and flew Alberto Santos-Dumont the Demoiselle, the first lightweight sport aircraft in the world. He flew in the same month a record speed of 55.8 mph (18 km in 16 minutes, corresponding to approximately 67 kph). The flight model has been in the United States and Europe repeatedly copied. The first engine planes were mostly biplane. Experimental were also more than three wings on each other. Such a multi-wing design came from the Englishman Horatio Frederick Phillips. Fifty Decker with the "No. Horatio Phillips. 2 "succeeded him in the summer of 1907, the first powered flight in England. First Channel crossing Once on 16th October 1910, the first English Channel crossing with Adolphe Clements airship "Clément-Bayard" N ° 2 was successfully placed Europe in 1909 further practical milestones in the history of the aircraft. On 25 July 1909 Louis Blériot crossed with his monoplane Blériot XI as the first with an airplane the English Channel. His flight from Calais after Dover lasted 37 minutes at an average altitude of 100 meters. Blériot was thus by the British newspaper Daily Mail for the first Channel crossing awards prize money to take. With the Blériot XI was its designer "father of modern monoplane." The success of the machine made him the first commercial airplane manufacturer. Even by the Austrian aviation pioneer Igo Etrich in 1909 developed Etrich dove was one of the first in larger pieces built engine aircraft. She had to enter the First World War also important as military aircraft. Grande Semaine d'Aviation de la Champagne , 22 to 29 August 1909 was held with the "Grande Semaine d'Aviation de la Champagne" a flight at Reims, which brought several records: Henri Farman flew a distance of 180 kilometers in 3 hours. Blériot flew the highest speed flight over the 10-kilometer stretch of 76.95 km / h. Hubert Latham reached on a "Antoinette" by the aircraft designer Levasseur with 155 meters the highest altitude. The Aerodynamic Laboratory Goettingen At the end of 1907 was later Aerodynamic Laboratory Goettingen was launched. They dealt in its founding years with the development of the "best" blimp shape, its former head Ludwig Prandtl was, however, with the exploration of the scientific basis for the boundary layer theory and the theory of the world's wing to the "father of aerodynamics." The first helicopter Paul Cornu with his "flying bicycle" 1907 Louis Breguet built and Jaques Bréguet with the participation of Charles Richet the Quadrocopter "Bréguet-Richet No. 1". The helicopter lifted with a person about 1.5 meters from the ground. The flight characteristics, however, were so unstable that the machinery of four men at the Outrigger had to be secured. The first helicopter flight was a tethered flight. Paul Cornu developed the world's first manned free-flying helicopter, "flying bicycle" called. For the first flight on 13 November 1907 in Lisieux, Calvados, France, he reached a height of about 30 cm and 20 second flight. The first composite helicopter was the 1908 "Bréguet-Richet No. 2". He reached a cruising altitude of about 4.5 m and a flight distance of about 20 m. To truly usable helicopter designs were only in the 30s of the 20th Century, so the 1933-Gyroplane Laboratoire. In the meantime, design features were developed that still have meaning, such as tandem rotor, coaxial rotor arrangement or tail rotor to compensate for loss of torque. The first altitude breathing apparatus 1907 represents the Drägerwerk his first Konstantdosierhöhenatemgerät ago. These devices get on airplanes but only later, because at that time only balloonist to reach altitudes, where the altitude sickness, or hypoxia occurs. Sometime from 1909 to 1911, began gliding sport. In the year 1910 will be on the first flights with hang by engineering students reported. 1911 there were flights on the water glides dome. The Air Sports was born. Seaplanes On 28 March 1910 succeeding the French engineer Henri Fabre of the Hydravion Canard he constructed the first flight with a seaplane. Monocoque 1912 Louis Béchereau invents the monocoque construction for aircraft. The hulls of other aircraft consisted of a painted cloth covered with scaffolding. The monocoque Deperdussin Béchereau designed monocoque Rennflugzeug had a power line, but from Hull a wooden bowl without inner skeleton. New was also the "DEP" control, when the control stick for Nick movement wheel for the rolling motion sat, a principle which is still widely used. As the aircraft engine had a special airplane engine, the gnome-circulation motor. The monocoque monocoque Deperdussin were the fastest planes of their time. Ilya MuromezEin a major technical breakthrough succeeds shortly before the First World War, the Russian engineer and pilot Igor Sikorski, who later rather than manufacturers of air boats and designer of helicopters in the U.S. known. 1913 to 1914 proves it with the first designed by him "large aircraft", the twin Grand Baltiski, the four Le Grande and its successor, the four Ilya Muromez that such large planes to fly safely and stably, even if one or two engines off or fail. These aircraft were originally designed as a comfortable passenger aircraft designed and justify this era. Later, the Ilya Muromez also as a bomber

Renaissance

In the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci designed several aircraft, including the first "Helicopter". None of the models would be flugtauglich, but the creative approaches and in particular the engineering methodology had pioneered value, while da Vinci with his thoughts on aviation "far ahead of time" was. Until the end of the 19th Century da Vinci's designs were rediscovered, but had no breakthrough influence on the development of the first airplanes. It will, however, suspects that the Augsburg shoemaker Salomon Idler on Leonardo's plans had when he built his flying apparatus.

Medieval

In the Middle Ages was the ability of flying mostly with mystical beings associated. The idea of the human world saw ghosts, fairies, demons and angels fly through the air. Witches were in the call, with brooms fly to them, according to the popular belief that they needed a flight ointment, inter alia, children's corpses were processed (in reality, they contained a heady plant alkaloids such as Bilsenkraut and belladonna, the "flights" were hallucinations). These and other rumors sure that they are on the pyre were burned.

Antiquity

In the years 2258 to 2208 before Christ lived the Chinese Emperor Shun. He reported a legend that he had learned the art, like a bird to fly. In the fourth century BC, Chinese children playing with a toy, the first known model of a helicopter (rotary wing aircraft) can be viewed. The Chinese gyro consisted of a round rod, in the cruciform easily employed bird feathers were inserted. By rotating the round staff between the two palms produce the feathers finally enough buoyancy to the roundabout into the air to rise. Flying was often an attribute of gods and privilege views. Even where gods or transcendental beings with no wings below will include the ability to fly to their properties. In this religious tradition is certainly also the Ascension of Jesus to be seen. The Indian mythology familiar images of flying divine chariot (Vimana), such as those in the epic Ramayana are to be found. The monkey god Hanuman could also fly. For the Aztecs, it was Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent, which played an important role, and the Babylonians were lions, bulls and people with wings, dar. Turning around the time documented the Roman poet Publius Ovidius Naso in his work Metamorphoses, the Greek legend of Daidalos and Ikaros, with homemade wings with wax from bird feathers glued to escape from Crete to Sicily tried. According to legend was the technology actually work, that it does not quite work - Icarus crashed - was much more concerned that he is the sun and the gods too had approached and almost as a punishment for the sacrilege of the wax wings melted . Thus Icarus crashed into the sea and lost his life here.

Inspired by nature

The best pilots come from nature - but the nature and effectiveness of the movement of birds and insects is still technically unmatched. So it is not yet succeeded in humans, with a swing-wing aircraft (Ornithopter) into the air to rise. Similarly, the flight services such as a dragonfly in proportion to the size and weight has not been nearly achieved (see insect flight), although it is the first successful experiments with Ornithopterprinzip built after the small UAV (eg DelFly the Delft University of Technology). It was the bird flight and the aerodynamics of the wings model and motivation in the development of today's fixed-wing aircraft. Contrary to the rotorcraft: While turning the seeds of the maple tree as when a rotor gyroplanes without drive to the ground, but he was never as a model for helicopters. With new materials and processes such as CFD are also increasingly complex, elastic forms technically manageable, but that without the properties of natural materials for the foreseeable future would be reached.

aviation history

The history of aviation begins with the observation of nature and the dream of flying, and goes a long history of attempts and failures on the first flight pioneers and their technical achievements to today's commercial and military aviation.