Application

Nowadays, the aerodynamic design of aircraft and vehicles on the computer instead. Of great importance is the numerical flow simulation in which a computerized procedure with appropriate computing effort good approximations for real flow processes can be achieved. For many applications because of the enormous complexity of the phenomena occurring even today experimental measurements in wind tunnels to test carcasses or necessary in order to verify the interpretation or risks in the development ruled out.

Theoretical models

The largest model, the Navier-Stokes equations. It is a system of nonlinear partial differential equations 2nd Rules, which is a Newtonian fluid completely describe it. In particular, including turbulence and the hydrodynamic boundary layer included. A simpler model, the Euler equations, because of the friction neglected the boundary layer does not depict nor contain turbulence, which, for example, do not stall on this model can be simulated. That is much coarser grid suited to make sense to solve equations. For those parts of the flow, in which the boundary layer plays no significant role, the Euler equations very good. Finally, the potential equations are especially useful when quick rough predictions be made. With them is the entropy as a constant condition, which means that no strong shock waves may occur because of this the entropy is even unsteadily. Further simplification of constant density leads to the Laplace equation.

Special Areas

The aerodynamics is a sub-field of fluid dynamics (including fluid dynamics) and includes several specialty areas, focusing on different priorities specialize: Hydrofoil theory: a wing movements in the dense gas Aerospace Aerodynamics: This area deals with the aerodynamics during flight and reentry of spacecraft bodies Supersonic aerodynamics: missiles, which are faster than sound move (Mach 1 to Mach 3) Hypersonic aerodynamics: missiles, which are at very high speed in dense gases move (Mach 3 +) Boundary layer theory: It is the tightly fitting layer in close proximity to the body sees around

Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics is part of the Fluid Dynamics and describes the behavior of bodies in compressible fluids (eg air). The aerodynamics describes the forces that are there, for example, allow aircraft to fly or sail boats, with the help of the wind through the water to move. Many other areas of technology, such as the Civil Engineering or the vehicle must deal with the aerodynamics deal

The different organizations of air traffic

To provide these services, an organization (control tower, en route center ...) is established. There are several types. Depending on the type of traffic, different agencies provide air traffic control: The centers en route air navigation (ACC) are responsible for ensuring that the air traffic services for the benefit of aircraft cruise (excluding nearby aerodrome). For example, there are 5 regional control centers (also called en route centers) in France who share the provision of the service control throughout France. The centers approach control (APP) are responsible for ensuring that the air traffic services in the vicinity of an aerodrome, in a control area whose size is variable. Air traffic controllers are usually located in the cab of a control tower or radar room in a specially built.
. In the second terminal OuestLes centers aerodrome control (TWR for Tower or control tower) are responsible for ensuring that the air traffic services in a restricted area (about a dozen kilometers) around an aerodrome. Their main function is the management of the airstrip. The service is delivered from the cab of a control tower. These bodies were differentiated because the skills, rules and technical means are not the same. A control center in motion requires a radar, while the main tool in aerodrome control is the view. On approach, all aircraft want to go in the same place: the track was a phenomenon "funnel". En route, the aircraft have different origins and destinations, the problems are many scattered and random. These and other differences led to this classification. There are also other organizations that are called "control" by abuse of language, but do not control service, just information services and warning. These organizations are: FIS: Flight Information Service. It is co-located with a control center in road or an approach. They make the flight information services and warning in an area not controlled. AFIS: Aerodrome Flight Information Service (flight information service on aerodrome), which replaces the aerodrome control within a controlled aerodrome not providing information services and warning. The AFIS officer, contrary to an air traffic controller can not give any instructions to the pilots but it may suggest maneuvers. They are generally of former military controllers.

Air traffic control

Air traffic control is a set of services rendered by air traffic controllers to aircraft to assist in the safe, fast and efficient flight. The services are three, called "air navigation services, for the purposes of: prevent collisions between aircraft and ground vehicles or on the one hand, and midair collisions between aircraft on the other hand (formerly known as "collisions"). It is also to accelerate and direct air traffic; to provide advice and information necessary for safe and efficient performance of the flight: weather information, information on the status of ground facilities for navigation, traffic information (when the service will not be ensured in this area ); to provide a warning to prevent its appropriate when aircraft need the assistance of relief organizations and rescue and to lend to these bodies the necessary assistance.

FOUR TYPES OF AIR PLANES YOU CAN BUILD

Do you like the beautiful model airplanes that are sold in toy shops and at many sites online? Of course, you can simply go to a store or click on a site and buy what you want most dear. But beyond the fact that models ready for purchase cost is only that the money not as cold as you build yourself models. What kind of model that you can build yourself? Almost everyone. Here are some ideas: Paper airplanes. Building one that has not as a kid? Building paper airplane can be as simple as get a piece of paper and make some folds. But there are airplanes flying with a leading role and remote control or others who are just scale models of existing aircraft. Some enthusiasts even built helicopter that can fly paper. The main drawback of paper airplanes is that they get easily damaged - especially the ones really fly. Free flight of the aircraft. There is a category of aircraft model called "free flight" which means they fly with no attachment to the land, or even your hand. Most models are simple free flight - as well as the simple paper airplanes that we build the children (they are, in fact, free flight airplane models as well). Free flight helicopters are much more difficult than to build aircraft for obvious reasons, but there are people who build them - with self rotating propellers or "recovered" by an elastic mechanism. The free flight planes are very happy and fun. They are easy to lose what is its main drawback. RC Aircraft. Remote control planes are very cool toys, but we really need expertise in electronics and similar things. You will not save money by building such models alone - the ready RC airplanes and helicopters are much cheaper compared with efforts to build up. But if you can build an RC plane by their own hands, you really have something to be cause for pride. You can build airplanes RC much easier if you buy a kit or at least a package of remote control and engine. Static Scale Models. Sounds simple? Actually this is the heavy artillery of the aircraft modeling. Making scale models is difficult because you just have to keep the real scale of the model. This requires high precision and ability to work in very small sizes. The model aircraft can be made of mahogany wood, plastic or even clay. If you are scarified to make everything from scratch you can buy almost ready model, requiring only paint. This is a good way to start. Most supporters of the model of aviation sooner or later we want to build their own models, in addition to what they buy and collect. You may start to build yourself - nothing is too scary and fun.