calculate speed over the ground

calculate speed over the ground


how to calculate the speed over the ground during aviation ?

Embraer

The Brazilian Company of Aeronautics SA (Embraer) is a manufacturer of aircraft from small and medium businesses, for use in regional aviation, executive and agriculture, and military fighters, aircraft and remote sensing to carry authorities. It is the third largest manufacturer of airplanes in the world, leaving behind Boeing and Airbus, and one of the largest exporting companies in Brazil, in terms of absolute value since 1999 and now also the manufacturer of executive jets with more applications in the pipeline. Its headquarters is located in the city of Sao Jose dos Campos, interior of São Paulo state and has several other units, including one in China, Harbin Embraer.
Embraer was born as an initiative of the Brazilian government within a strategic project to implement the aviation industry in the country, in a context of policies for replacement of imports. It was founded in the year 1969, and its first president was the engineer Ozires Silva, who had led the development of Bandeirante plane. Initially, most of its establishment plan formed by the Technological Institute of Aeronautics (ITA) of the Aerospace Technical Center (CTA). In a way, Embraer was born within the CTA. In 1980, there was a merger with Neiva Aeronautic Industry, which became its subsidiary company. During the 70s and 80s, Embraer won important national and international projection with the Bandeirante aircraft, Xingu and Brasilia. Currently the company is in the ascendancy, with many sales contracts, and expanding not only in physical space but also in number of employees, counting today around 20,000 employees, of which approximately twelve ten hundred are direct-eight thousand indirect
When starting a partnership with Italy in 1981, it was possible to draw up the hunt for air-land attack AMX, considered a major technological breakthrough for the development of new projects. In 1986, Ozires Silva leaves the chairmanship of the company to assume Petrobras. In 1988, has begun the development of a bilateral plane, which was designed and built by Embraer as both the military avionics Factory (AMF) of Argentina. The aircraft had the designation of CBA-123, CBA is the acronym for Cooperation Brazil-Argentina. In 1990 the first prototype flew, but because of costliness and political and economic crisis of the season, production was discontinued. An curious about the project, is that the engines were placed on the rear of the fuselage with the propellers facing backward. The end of the 80s was marked by a major financial crisis that shook the economies of Brazil and reached full in the Embraer, which almost went bust. In 1992, Ozires Silva was invited to return to the presidency of the company and lead the process of privatization. In 1994, at the time of President Itamar Franco, the company was auctioned and then go through a long restructuring process, and present new projects that make a giant of industry. Embraer, before being privatized, even among companies with greater market value and today is valued at U.S. $ 17 billion [1], and appear as the third largest manufacturer of jets in the world [2]. Today the company is one of the major blue chips traded on the Bovespa, and distributes dividends to minority shareholders and employees. [3] The new controllers equity have become the pension funds Previ and Sistel (20% each), the Cia Bozano, Simonsen (20%), and a group of investors with smaller shareholdings (20% of total), formed by Dassault, EADS, Thales and Snecma Group. Since privatization, the company was chaired by engineer Mauricio Botelho, who in 2007 was succeeded by Frederico Curado
Mauricio Botelho was responsible for restructuring the company, especially in the financial field. The launch of the project's ERJ-145 family, commercial jets with capacity of up to 50 passengers, was a success of the market, already hit the mark of 1,000 aircraft sold in 2006. The next step was new investments to create the line of EMBRAER 170/190 aircraft, a bet on the market for planes of 70 to 120 seats, originally classified as E-Jets.Estes are a success with 878 firm orders and 915 intentions of purchase . However, they were once associated with a new niche market, occupied by the major aerospace companies (Major) and low-cost and low-fare (low-cost, low-fare). In this segment, its biggest competitor today is the Canadian company Bombardier with models of up to 90 seats. She is not as well positioned in the market because its products are extended versions of the aircraft of 50 passengers, making them less spacious. In 2000, the company launched shares on stock exchanges in New York and Sao Paulo. Because of subsidies adopted by a Canadian company, the Brazilian government came with a request for repair in the World Trade Organization. The dispute lasted several years, and both sides were ordered to adopt new ways of financing accepted internationally for the sale, manufacture and development of their aircraft. In 2002, a joint venture with China Aviation Industry Corporation II (AVIC II) established the Harbin Embraer Aircraft Industry Co. Ltd. (HEAI), allowing the construction and sale of ERJ-145 aircraft for the market in China. In 2004, was created an association with the company's line of defense Lockheed Martin to supply aircraft for remote sensing based on the ERJ-145 aircraft for the Navy and the United States of America. However, this project was suspended due to the American army have canceled the program in January 2006. In 2005, a consortium led by Embraer was declared the winner in the privatization of OGMA - Aerospace Industry of Portugal S / A, defeating the Italian-American consortium composed of companies Alenia Aeronautica and Lockheed Martin [4]. In the same year, the company launched an offensive to expand its business market share of corporate aircraft, this only with the Legacy, which is the platform ERJ-135 jet. To this end, initiated an internal restructuring in that area, organized by its vice president for executive aviation Luis Carlos Affonso. In May, Embraer announced the design of the Embraer Light Jet and Very Light Jet. Along with models in real size, their official names were disclosed during the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) in Orlando, USA, in November, as Phenom 300 and Phenom 100, respectively. In January 2006, was announced by Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, the U.S. veto the sale of Super Tucano training aircraft to his country for alleged transfer of technology from North American origin, present in the avionics of aircraft. For the same reason, it was announced veto the sale to the Irã. In April 2008 it was announced the development of aircraft intermediaries between the Phenom 300 and Legacy 600, Embraer named Mid Light Jet and Embraer Mid Size Jet, who were baptized in Legacy 500 and Legacy 450, with entry into operation scheduled for 2012 and 2013, respectively. The Legacy 450 will reach 4260 kilometers (2,300 miles) and the Legacy 500 of 5,560 (3,000 nautical miles). The intention is that in a period of ten years, the executive jets represent 20% of total sales.
On January 20, 2006, Embraer announced a corporate restructuring plan, whereby the decision making power will be sprayed between all shareholders, because all holders of shares of the company in stock exchange of Sao Paulo will have the right to vote. Moreover, the scheme in which pension funds Previ and Sistel and Cia Bozano control 60% of the shares, since its privatization, will be undone. Mauricio Botelho will continue as president of the Board of Directors of the company until 2009. On February 14, 2007, the company sold its EADS stake to 2.12% of Embraer by 124 million euros

After the success of the Airbus A300 and the smaller sister Airbus A310 began in the'80s, a new model under the name SA1 and SA2 (SA stands for single aisle) to develop. This was in competition with the then world leaders in the so-called "volume class" of airlines, which are found in the market segment of approximately 100 to 200 passengers making airplanes. This volume class is due to their high volumes for both the aircraft manufacturers as well as for the major airlines division. In the 80s, this aircraft like the Boeing 727 and Boeing 737 and the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 filled. One of the fathers of the A320 family: Hartmut MehdornAnfangs these plans were mainly from the French side ahead because of DASA, the project was too risky and the government was still Lufthansa urged Airbus to develop the concept under the name TA11 famous Airbus A340. After lengthy negotiations, especially where the current chief of Deutsche Bahn, Hartmut Mehdorn, the development would prevail, fell on 4 June 1981 the unofficial decision to develop the A320 and therefore for sale ( "Authorization to Offer"). Two days later Air France ordered 25 aircraft of this type and signed 25 purchase options. To log off from the existing market, various strategies have been applied. Thus the basic A320 with a loading capacity of 20% over that of the Boeing 737-300 was developed. The operating cost should be around 50% lower than for the popular Boeing 727 and beyond, the comfort with a larger fuselage cross-section increased. Also submitted to the A320, for example, as regards the wings from the beginning for other versions with different lengths of trunk. The design phase lasted almost three years. The launch of the program under the leadership of the German Wolfgang Schneider was officially on 2 March 1984 announced. After an almost three years as the main development time of the rollout was held on 14 February 1987 in Toulouse instead. Princess Diana and Prince Charles baptized there the first plane. Already at this performance were more than 260 orders, as well as more than 150 purchase options for this type before. The first flight was originally on Saturday, 21 February, which was built on the following day because the full media presence for this first flight wanted to have this would be through rugby games on this day have been restricted. The approval followed a year later on 26 February 1988 .The first batch of specimens have been sent to the launch customer Air France and British Airways delivered. British Airways acquired with the purchase of the British Caledonian also affected by this airline Orders Ten A320. The service was scheduled on 18 April 1988 recorded. Because the first customers are the engines from CFM International had chosen, after the certification programs are members of the A320 family first with the CFM-56-turbofan engines allowed. The respective competition drives, in the case of A319 to A321 and the IAE V2500 in the case of the A318 Pratt & Whitney PW6000 followed more or less short time. At the beginning of 2007 was amended by an order of the 5000th Spirit Airlines Aircraft from the A320 family ordered . After various developments of individual variants, which differ only in passenger capacity differed, there Airbus formally beginning in July 2006 announced that a revised version of the A320 with the (provisional) Title Enhanced A320 was planned.

Airbus A320

As the Airbus A320 family, the four single-aisle aircraft variants of the aircraft manufacturer Airbus means. The A320 is the first variant of the basic model as a low-wing exported A320 family, which includes the two shorter A318 and A319, as well as a stretched version called the A321 belong. The names of individual models based on the length of the fuselage. The individual members are medium-haul aircraft for commercial passenger aviation. The first A320 delivery in 1988. It was the first civilian aircraft with purely digital fly-by-wire controls. Until today (date: 29 February 2008) were members of the 6,112 aircraft of the A320 family sold extradited and 3400, so it is one of the most successful civil aircraft programs.The final assembly of the A320 took place until February 2008 exclusively in Toulouse, since March 2008 is also due to great demand in Hamburg-Finkenwerder endmontiert. All other versions are so far exclusively in Hamburg Finkenwerder assembled. In China, the construction of an additional assembly line with a capacity of four aircraft per month prepared.The biggest competition for the Airbus A320 family represents Boeing 737-family dar.

Boeing 747

Boeing 747 and popularly known as Jumbo Jet is one of the most popular jet aircraft. Flew for the first time officially in 1970. It was more than 35 years the index in terms of size. However, the center is currently controlled by the Airbus 380. Noted that the plane Soviet-made Antonov 225, a cargo plane, is the world's biggest aircraft are in service. Boeing 747 can carry 524 passengers is demolished half of a floor! February 2006 until the present, including an aircraft in service in 1430, making it a lucrative aircraft company Boeing. Can Althaliv at high altitudes and speeds of up to 1041 kilometers per hour and a distance of 13,446 kilometers without the need for continuous re-Altabp fuel. It's enough for the flight from Hong Kong to New York without stopping. In 1989 a copy flew from London to Sydney non-stop flight which cut 18,000 kilometers and lasted 20 hours and 9 minutes. But that trip was not a passenger in the shipment.Boeing 400-747 has about six million items manufactured in 33 different countries. Engine and one of the 747-breathing engines more strongly of the four engines together in a Boeing 707. Although the second floor seem smaller than it compared to the first, it accommodates 86 passengers. Aviation aircraft can Aimada 3 engines only

Air Bus A380 Design

The aircraft will be sold for two types: a 380-8000 estimated to carry 555 passengers Balthelat degrees or 800 passengers, to the degree that only tourism will be a range of 8,000 nautical miles (14,000 kilometers), the second type is any 380-800 F cargo that can 150 tons of 5, 600 nautical miles (about 10,400 kilometers). Cockpit The cockpit is designed to be similar aircraft of other Airbus in order to reduce the duration of the training for this aircraft as well as reduce the costs of education and training as well be covered with glass cockpit and improved the best. Presented in the cabin of the plane some characteristics in LCD screens, which varies in width and length from 6 to 8 inches all the same, and possible amendment. Er a 380 biplane manufactured by the European Union representative company of aircraft maker Airbus, at the headquarters of the assembly in Toulouse. An A-380 with four engines Zaanvip and capable of carrying 555 passengers in three degrees or more than 840 passengers in one degree. Acquired this aircraft giant super jumbo named after the monopoly of Boeing 747 aircraft from Boeing Co. of America since the Boeing 747 aircraft to enter service in 1977 and lasted until the dominant airline plane WITH 380 flight test, followed by marketing and supply flights in the international aviation exhibition. An A-380 will be competing with rival Boeing Co. aircraft category of all categories in terms of absorption to a greater number of passengers and cargo and fly longer distances between continents to each other. Was due to enter service with the plane flying Singapore in the first quarter of 2006, but disruptions in the systems Altcelik in entertainment on the plane, forcing the plant to announce a delay in the delivery of the plane to Singapore Airlines, which may last for a period of six to seven months. Airbus won deals to buy 168 aircraft from several global airlines, including Singapore Air and Emirates, which is the biggest customers for the aircraft secured for the purchase of 45 confirmed aircraft and aviation Malaysian airline and aviation Australia.

The Airbus 380 aircraft designed to operate on four engines, which consists of two floors, the first round of Toulouse in France on April 27 of 2005, this aircraft will be used for commercial flights, which will begin in 2006 after 15 months Tests that will be accompanied by a lot of things to develop, called Ba before Airbus A3XX, as well as Super Jumbo, which has become synonymous with this type of aircraft. Airbus 380 plane is one of the largest passenger aircraft, so that it exceeded the size of Boeing 747 aircraft, which was the largest in 35 years, but still maintains an Antonov 225 the largest commercial airliner, the plane was declared in January 18 2005.