Inter-war period

During the First World War, the aircraft production has been greatly stimulated. After this war, the aircraft manufacturer had to struggle to survive, because not as many military aircraft were used. Especially in Europe, many of the former airplane manufacturer into bankruptcy if they have not succeeded in their production of civilian goods move. In the U.S. warplanes were virtually cutting prices to buy. Former pilots of fighter aircraft had a new job. Commercial civil aviation Junkers F 13 Ju 52/3m In both the U.S. and in Europe many new services and civil aviation companies, such as the Luft Hansa 1926. The most famous passenger planes this time were the Junkers F 13, the Junkers G 38, the Dornier-Wal, the Handley Page HP42 and the Junkers Ju 52/3m. Flight Post The air with planes that already during the First World War, has been significantly expanded and beyond national borders included. The first regular air link was established on 1 April 1918 between Vienna and Kiev recorded in July 1918 followed by the Vienna-Budapest. The air was advertising fashion, the so-called sky letter was from the 1922 British Major Jack Savage and presented in the U.S. by a growing advertising industry enthusiastically. Migrant review tingelten aviator in the U.S. with their aerobatic performances by fairground to fairground. The first aircraft were used as agricultural pesticides used on airplanes. The aerial photography was used for surveying purposes. "Flying aces" of the First World War, such as Ernst Udet presented as Stuntmen for the film industry after Hollywood's air battles. Long-haul flights Curtiss NC 4Die big challenge after the war were long-haul flights, especially the crossing of the Atlantic. This task cost some lives, until one of three in Newfoundland started flying Curtiss-boats of the U.S. Navy, the Curtiss NC-4, after 11 days on 27 May 1919 in Lisbon and landed Lieutenant-Commander Albert Cushing Read sparks could go home: "We are healing on the other side of the pond. The work is done. "The other members of the crew of the boat were flying Walter Hinton and Elmer F. Stone as a pilot, James L. Breese and Eugene P. Rhoads as flight engineers and Herbert C. Rodd as a radio operator. The machine had in the Azores between land and have had to be repaired. The flight took one boat after a visit to Britain by ship in the U.S.. The Vickers Vimy by Alcock and Brown after the crash landing at ClifdenIn the period from 14 to 15 June 1919 succeeding the British airmen Captain John Alcock and Lt. Arthur Whitten Brown, the first nonstop flight across the Atlantic. Their plane was a twin bomber type of modified Vickers Vimy IV, with an open cockpit. The pilots ran into thunderstorms, hail and snow. They were launched from Lester's Field, Newfoundland, she landed in a peat bog near Clifden in Connemara, Ireland. On landing the plane tipped to the nose and was damaged. John Alcock commented after landing witty: Yesterday I was in America, and I am the first one in Europe to say that. (Yesterday I was in America, and I'm the first person in Europe can say!) Charles Lindbergh succeeds between 20th and 21 May 1927 with his plane "Ryan NYP" Spirit of St. Louis, the first nonstop solo flight from New York to Paris across the Atlantic. He wins so that the awards since 1919 Orteig Prize. This alone brought overflights of U.S. aircraft industry and the U.S. airlines a significant upswing. A Guggenheim Lindberghs funded travel by all U.S. states throughout the country led to the construction of airfields. On 12 April 1928 succeeds in crossing the Atlantic from east (Baldonnel in Ireland) to West (Greenly Iceland - Newfoundland) by Hermann Köhl, James Fitzmaurice and Ehrenfried Guenther Freiherr von Hünefeld with a modified Junkers W 33 (Bremen). Flying boats From the end of the'20s begins the era of big flying boats, whose most famous representatives of the Dornier Do X and Boeing 314 were. The main field was wide Pacific and transatlantic flights. Catapult Aircraft With the advent of large passenger ships were increasingly catapult aircraft provided by a steam catapult been started. The planes were used mostly for quick transportation post, the most common types were the Heinkel He 60 and the Junkers Ju 46th As a pioneer in aircraft catapult applies Ernst Heinkel, already around 1920 a catapult aircraft on the Japanese battleship Nagato installed. Rotary wing aircraft A crucial physical limitation of fixed-wing aircraft is that at low speeds to the Tragflügeln to stall and the aircraft's crash. One such accident he constructed three large aircraft bombs brought the Spanish airplane designer Juan de la Cierva to the gyroplanes to develop. 1922 he developed the articulated rotor head: The rotor blades are on strike at the joints rotor head attached, as a result of which will boost the difference between forward and rewind blade balanced. From 1927 de la Cierva used to blow apart joints even swing swing joints and dampers and constructed as the still widely used mounting of the rotor blades on the rotor head for rotary wing aircraft. With his gyroplanes C 8 L crossed de la Cierva, 18 September 1928 the English Channel. Apart from the semi-leaf connection of Bell Engineers used the majority of rotary wing aircraft, the principle of the rotor blade of Port de la Cierva. Only modern composites for rotor blades were gelenklose leaf connections to the shock and pivot movements are now more flexible by deformations of the blade (for example, from 1970 to BO-105). Flight instruments The time between the World Wars was also the time when the main instruments for the flight were developed without sight. Already in 1914 the Americans had burst Lawrence Sperry with his French mechanic Emil Cachin kreiselstabilisierten a biplane at a demonstration flight in France. This gyro stabilization was the archetype of all autopilot. Extensive importance won the autopilot but only in the thirties. Elmer Ambrose Sperry, the father of Lawrence Sperry, had developed the artificial horizon (other sources mention Lawrence himself as the inventor of this device, father and son stood in the competition since 1918). The first instrument flight is James Harold Doolittle in 1929 attributed. He used in its Consolidated NY-2 a precise altimeter, Elmer Sperrys artificial horizon and a gyroscope compass. He was informed by a radiotelephone observer on the ground and was directed at a Funkleitstrahl from. All important instruments for the blind flight on the basis of the roundabout were thus introduced around 1930. Toward the end of the thirties was an automatic pneumatic or hydraulic steering exchange rate for larger airplanes usual. For the pilots of this progress is probably only with the introduction of "fly-by-wire control system in modern times to compare it meant for him to take on his own feeling on the technical tools to leave. Similarly critical was the introduction of these tools also included. The instruments allowed on the other hand, but also the expansion of aviation on conditions under which the visual flight never would have been possible, in terms of altitude and flying at night and bad weather. Radionavigation The radio based navigation was essentially still on the target of radio stations or radio beacons with an antenna. Although the first rotary radio beacons in 1908 by Telefunken under the name Telefunken compass transmitter had been developed (1907 was a simpler system of Scheller patented), had these systems were only for the air navigation importance. Funk Rotating appropriate fire were back in Cleve and Tondern (Tønder). Already in 1933, the ZZ-method, a ground-based blind landing procedure developed in the night-line service between Kaliningrad and Berlin successfully established. The ultra-short wave radio Landing Fire Company C. Lorenz A.-G. was already in the early thirties as night and bad weather landing system with a range up to about 30 kilometers, the analysis was first acoustically, and later by advertising tools. In the late thirties, these systems, however, for longer ranges developed by bombers in darkness goal to lead (Knickebein device). Helicopter In the early 30s to build Louis Breguet and Rene with the Dorand-Gyroplane Laboratoire probably only use the helicopter, the stable over time flew. He held all international records for helicopter until June 1937 the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 over the top position. Both models and prototypes were but remained unique. Series was built during the Second World War, the Flettner Fl 282 and the Sikorsky R-4, a successor to the Sikorsky VS-300. With the flying boat combination Short Mayo was from 1937 in England for transatlantic flights have been experimenting. The sense of the short-Mayo was combined with an easy-fueled flying boat, in this case a short-S. 21, a schwerbeladenes seaplane (a short-S. 20) at cruising altitude and to ensure there auszuklinken. This combination should be the relationship between performance, payload and optimize fuel. Altitude aircraft As early as 1937 the German Air Force began with the construction of altitude aircraft, they were equipped with pressure cabins and reached altitudes from 12,000 to 15,000 m. The most famous representatives were the Junkers Ef 61, later the Henschel Hs 130 and the Junkers Ju 388th They served as altitude or altitude reconnaissance bomber, but they were only a few units were built. The first passenger plane with a pressurized cabin allowed the Boeing B-307 to fly above the weather and so a significant increase comfort for passengers.